, , , . . - , . . , 3 :
1) ( ),
2) ,
3) .
(1), . , HCl 0,1 NaO . , [+] . , HCl
[H+]=101-/, =1. 90% , 10% . , 10 . .
10 , , .. [H+] = 102, = 2.
99% 100 . , [H+] = 0,001 = 103, =3. 99,9% [H+] = 0,0001 = 104, =4. (100%), NaCl, . [+] [] , =7 ( 2).
, [] , +. 1%
[OH] = 103/, [+] = 1011/, =11. 10% NaOH [OH] = 102/,
[H +] = 1012/ = 12.
100% , 101/, [H+] = 1013/, = 13.
, 99,9% 1,0 4,0, 0,1% 0,1% 4,0 10,0. 12 [+] 104 1010, .. . , .. , . , , . - , 4 10. ( 2).
|
|
2
[+] 0,1. | ||||
+ | ||||
, % | ||||
0,0 | 10 | 1,0 | ||
90,0 | 10 | 2,0 | ||
90,0 | 10 | 3,0 | ||
99,9 | 10 | 4,0 | ||
100,0 | 10 | 7,0 | . | |
, % | ||||
0,1 | 10 | 10,0 | ||
1,0 | 10 | 11,0 | ||
10,0 | 10 | 12,0 | ||
100,0 | 10 | 13,0 |
. (.2) , . 0 99,9 % 3,3 . 100,1% 5,6 . . . , .. = 7. .
5.
-
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
:
25 , , 5 10, 100, , ; 0,1N , 1, : ; , .
1. l
l, . . :
Na2B4O7 + 2HCl + 5H2O → 4H3BO3 + 2NaCl
:
1. . HCl 0 .
2. . 5, 12 .
3. , (0,2 0,3).
. .
|
|
. , 3.
3.
1. | |||||
2. | |||||
3. | |||||
. |
.
2.
( ) . .
.
1.Na2CO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2O
CO32 + H+ = HCO3
2.NaHCO3 + HCl = NaCl + CO2 + H2O
HCO3 + H+ = CO2 + H2O
: HCl 0,1N, , .
:
1. HCl.
2. 5 , 12 . V1 , .
3. 12 -. V2 , , .. . , , 2V1, , , V2 V1.
23 . 4.
4.
-, V. | , V1. | , V2 | , 2V1 | , (V2 2V1) | , NHCl | |
1 | ||||||
2 | ||||||
3 |
N, T m .
6.
1.
KOH?
.
H2SO4 KOH
H2SO4 + 2OH → 2SO4 + 2H2O
2
½H2SO4 + OH → ½2SO4 + H2O
, f (H2SO4)=1/2.
M (1/2H2SO4)=1/2 M (H2SO4)=1/2×98,07=49,035 /
2.
H2C2O4×2H2O 0,6000 100,0 . 20,00 18,34 NaOH. NaOH, H2C2O4.
.
n (NaOH)= n (1/2H2C2O4×2H2O),
n (NaOH) , .
,
H2C2O4 + 2NaOH → Na2C2O4 + 2H2O
2 , f (H2C2O4×2H2O)=1/2. ,
|
|
,
V , ; V , .
C (NaOH), NaOH
,
T (NaOH) T (NaOH/H2C2O4) /
;
,
M (NaOH) M (1/2H2C2O4×2H2O) NaOH .
;
.
1. (Na2B4O7102) 250 0,1N .
2. , , 1,180/, 200 0,05/.
3. 5,00 4,12 0,1020 NaOH. .
4. 30 60 0,5 . . .
5. H2C2O4*22 , 20 0,1 NaOH?
6. 10 HCl 200 . 20 HCl 10,40 0,1 NaOH. ( .) 10 , .
7.
001. ΅
1) ,
2) ,
3) , ,
4) ,
5) ,
002. = 7
1) NH3+HCl
2) KOH + HCl
3) HNO2+ KOH
4) NH3 + HNO2
5) H2C2O4 + KOH
003. H2C2O4*2H2O, 25 0,05 ,
1) 80
2) 0,08
3) 0,8
4) 160
5) 16
004. :
1) ,
2)
3)
4)
5)
005. -
1) , pH ,
2) , pH ,
3) ,
4) ,
5) ,
006. 0,4217. 17, 5 HCL,
1) 0,0074
2) 0,2500
3) 0,1267
4) 0,0125
5) 1,024
007. :
1) KOH
2) NaCl
3) KMnO4
4) AgNO3
5) HCl
10
- .
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1. - . .
2. - , .
3. . .
4. .