HRS has been developing and delivering a range of identity solutions to police and law enforcement agencies for over 6 years. In particular our team has made significant research into developing mobile biometric identification and verification platforms to enforce increased identity assurance at a distance. Our solutions allow the police and law enforcement agencies to benefit from increased identity assurance, operational efficiency and reduced costs. Our solution portfolio for the sector includes:
Biometric identification and verification solutions
Biometric physical access control solutions
Mobile biometric solutions
Smart surveillance platforms (face recognition, human behavior analysis and machine vision)
Identity management solutions (doorway to desktop)
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Andrew Kelly. Supporting UK Police in the fight against crime
(Human Rights Law)
Against a backdrop of a democratic society, the use of deadly force by the police in countries such as the UK seems implausible for human rights activists. First, police officers are expected to uphold the human rights of every individual hence, civilian rights are always preserved even in criminal cases where the due process of law is considered to be the golden standard in the judicial system. Thus, threading the line between regulations and policies of the agency as well as the ethical and moral dilemma in the use of deadly force predisposes police officers to question the legitimacy as well as the moral justifications in their use of deadly force. While several philosophical theorists have argued for different justifications through philosophical theories, the theory of consequentialism appears to be the one that closely justifies the use of deadly force among the police.
Before examining the moral and ethical arguments for the use of deadly force using the consequentialist paradigm, let us first examine the important aspects of deadly force and the use of it by the UK police. First, deadly force as defined by Geller and Scott (23) pertains to the force reasonably capable of causing death or bodily harm. According to this definition, an act that can kill should be consummated before it can be considered as a deadly force hence; threats are not considered to be within the parameters of this scope. The use of deadly force according to Kappeler, Kraska and Marron falls within emergency situations such as in hostage taking, shooting randomly, pursuance of a police officer of unarrested criminal and other similar incidences.
Consequently, in the UK, police officers are given the discretion to determine if the suspect poses a threat to the police officer or the public. In the pursuit of these suspects, police officers are given the power to use deadly force through probably cause of harm. The courts decide whether the use of deadly force is justified or not and in some cases, police officers are charged because their use of deadly force is considered to be unjustifiable. Hence, there is a very thin line separating the justification of the use of deadly force from an act that is unjustified. The ethical and moral dilemma of police officers therefore rests not only on the regulations of their agency but on their analytical and ethical decision. Thus, the pursuit of the philosophical theory that can best justify the use of deadly force ensues.
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Consequentialism has been considered as one of the more important theories in justifying the use of deadly force by the police primarily because of its consideration of the consequences of a given act. In contrast with other theories that uses the nature of the act itself (deontology) or the goodness of the wrongness of the act or whether it is a good virtue or not (virtue ethics), consequentialism considers the aggregate value of the act based on the summation of its consequences- if it benefits the greater number of people, then it is considered to be morally justifiable. It should be noted that consequentialism has different forms such as the act consequentialism and the rule consequentialism.
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Henry N. Pontell. International Financial Fraud: Emerging Trends and Issues
(International Criminal justice: Issues in a Global Perspective)
While forces of globalization are integrating the world, biding cultures and peoples, the same forces propagate increasing forms of financial criminality threatening the international marketplace. The resultant system of global financial integration lessens the potency of international of international borders as barriers to illicit activity. Economist Richard OBrien calls this trend the end of geography which he describes as a state of economic development where geographic location no longer matters in finance, or matters much less hitherto. In this state, financial market regulators no longer hold full sway over their regulatory territory: that is, rules no longer apply solely to geographical frameworks. Countries that open their markets become viable targets for financial criminality. The very nature of open economies growing interdependence, and the sheer instantaneity of financial transactions can be, and is being, abused by those who internationally seek to conceal the source of their earnings.
The global system of finance, where globalized production and marketing require capital to flow easily across national boundaries twenty-four hours a day enables the perpetration of numerous financial improprieties that include money laundering. Wire fraud, securities violations, financial institution frauds, and computer crimes. The implications stemming from these offences are dire, threatening to destabilize the financial marketplace.
With the breakup of the Soviet Union, the world witnessed the establishment of new countries form former Soviet republics and formulation of new political regimes in nations formally under the Soviet sphere of influence. With instability, the economic and political systems of these nations are permeated with corruption and lax regulations. Such an environment proved to be a bring ground for organized criminal groups attempting to take advantage of the inherent systemic instability prevalent in many of these nations for their own gain. As Richard Boylan claims, with the fall of the Soviet Union and the rise of market reforms in Russia, a then-existing group consisting of corrupt criminal officials, ex-black-marketers, and common criminals took advantage of the lack of commercial regulation and crumbling police power to pet on the nascent commercial; enterprises of the resurrected Russia. Corruption of the higher echelons of government is not, by any means, limited to the republics of the former Soviet Union or Eastern Europe: Evidence of governmental corruption can be found in Central and Latin America, as well as Asia. Political instability may explain such high level of organized crime and corruption. Empirical evidence shows that developing or newly emerging countries have higher levels of organized criminality and governmental impropriety. As Louis Freech, Director of FBI pointed out, political instability has a detrimental impact on the enforcement of legislation combating money laundering, wire fraud, and other financial as well as common crimes.
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Historically, criminologists have stated that criminal behaviour may be explained not only at the individual level, but at the group and organizational levels. Clinard and Quinney, for example, developed a term to explain criminal acts committed by an individual for the benefit of a corporation. They define corporate crimes as offences committed by corporate officials for their corporation and the offences of the corporation itself. Criminal behaiour of corporate actors in recent fiascoes involving financial institutions mirrored the Clinard and Quinney definition. For example, Nick Leeson single-handedly brought down the Barings Bank, the oldest British financial establishment, and Yasuo Hamanaaka, over a decade racked up $2 billion in copper trading losses for the Sumitomo Corporation. Such gross violations surpass human error they exemplify both the lack of control from within the corporation and the inefficacy of governmental regulation.
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Harry Broer. The United Nations Peace -keeping
The UN Charter came into force in 195. It expressed the view of the founders. The Charter provides the terms of reference for the various elements of the United Nations in fulfilling its responsibilities.
The primary purpose of the United Nations is to maintain international peace and security and to that end, to take effective collective measures for the preventions and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of peace.
Peace-keeping, as such, is not specifically provided for in the Charter, except for the provision that the Security Council may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its functions (Article 29)
Chapter VI provides for the settlement of disputes by a variety of peaceful measures, including negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, and judicial settlement (Article 33). The Security Council is authorized to call on the parties to settle their disputes by peaceful means or to make recommendations (Article 37). Thus the decisions or recommendations of the Council for the appropriate terms of settlement of an international dispute should be carried out by the parties themselves.
Chapter VII is essentially coercive and designed to deal with threats top peace, breaches of the peaces and acts of aggression. Under the direction of the Chapter VII, the UN Security Council should determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression and to make recommendations or decide what measures shall be taken to maintain or restore international peace and security (Article 39).
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Chapter VII of the Charter encourages regional arrangements for the peaceful settlement of local disputes before referring them to the Security Council, providing such arrangements are consistent with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations (Article 52). When appropriate, the Security Council may utilize regional arrangements or agencies for enforcement action under its authority (Article 53).
The UN represents the most cooperative effort to secure world peace that has ever existed. From its inception, it has fostered international efforts aimed toward the maintenance of international peace and security. Successes have been hard won and have built one upon another on a continuing process of expansion of scope and complexity
| I. II. Unit 1. What is a Law Part 1. Part 2. Part 3 III. IV. Unit 2. What is a crime Part 1. Part 2. V. VI. Unit 3. Legal Professions Part 1. Part 2. Part 3. VII. Unit 4. Human Rights Protection Part 1. Part 2. VIII. IX. X. | 4 5 11 11 16 17 - 24 24 25 2 33 33 40 40- 41 41 44 44 51 51 53 53 56 56 59 60 61 61 62 63 - 71 |
