| Type | Theorists | Characteristics |
| Classical Free will theories Hedonistic calculus Biological Phrenology Atavism Chromosome theory Nutritional theory Psychological Psychoanalysis Behavioural theories Sociological Differential association Subcultures Anomie Labeling Social-psychological Restraint Containment Social control Conflict Radical criminology The new criminology Phenomenological Criminal personality Career criminality | Baccaria Bentham Gall Lombroso Sheldon Jacobs Freud Skinner Cohen Merton Becker Sutherland Burgess Reckless Hirschi Turk Vold Quinney Yochelson Samenow | Crime is caused by the individual exercise of free will. Prevention is possible through swift and certain punishment which offsets any gains to be had through criminal behaviour. Criminal genes cause deviant behaviour. Criminals are identifiable through physical characteristics or genetic composition. Treatment is generally ineffective, but aggression may be usefully redirected. Crime is a result of negative early childhood experiences or the product of a desire to be caught. Treatment necessitates extensive therapy. Aspects of social life produce through association with others already committed to criminal behaviour or via the established social structure as it reacts to deviance and attempts to maintain existing power relationships. Therapy may require basic changes in socialization and pathway to opportunity. Crime results from the failure of self-direction or inadequate social role. Treatment requires strengthened self-concepts. Crime is a natural consequence of social, political and economic inequities. The source of criminal behaviour is unknown, but an understanding of deviant behaviour is available through case studies and detailed descriptions of deviant life-style. Therapy requires a total reorientation of the offender. |
Vocabulary:
crime rate
to focus upon the search
to be rooted
a diversity of casual factors
to posit relationships
deviant behaviour
Task 4: find the synonyms of the following words in the text
| conduct | unusual | to convict | to consider |
| illegal | diversity | a person | to offer |
Task 5: fill in the missing prepositions
1. Some people turn .. crime while others do not. 2. Crime results .. the failure of self-direction. 3. Criminals are identifiable . genetic composition. 4. Certain people engage .. criminal behaviour. 5. An understanding of deviant behaviour is available case studies. 6. Crime takes a variety of forms, depending the situation. 7. Roman theory proposed that insanity was caused the influence of the moon.
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Task 6: choose the correct word and fill in the blanks in the sentences
| state | state-aided | statement |
| statecraft | stately | statesman |
1. The main responsibility of . is to serve the people elected him. 2. The most important feature of the president is his . 3. Being a mother of a large family she has become .. 4. The minister of foreign affairs has made towards the situation in Lebanon. 5. In 1991 Ukraine became an independent . 6. That old man attracted my attention because of his .. appearance.
| crime | criminalist | criminally | crimination | criminatory |
| criminal | criminality | criminate | criminative | criminology |
1. Italian mass media started the campaign to . the last actions of the government. 2. John is the best in our forensic laboratory. 3. linked with the killing of President John Kennedy is still uncleared up. 4. Well study next year. 5. The .. speech of the prosecutor affected the judges decision. 6. Zola, . political regime of France, published the famous article to support Dreifusse I accuse. 7. 1990s witnessed the orgy of .8. The research work of Pr. Kelly deals with the topical matters of .. Law. 9. The leaders of modern Greece were subjected to . by he citizens of the country. 10. The police officer displayed .. dont care attitude to his professional duties.
Task 7: ask the questions to match the following answers
1. The history of criminological theory has focused upon the search for answers related to the causes of criminal activity. 2. Crime is rooted in a diversity of causal factors. 3. Some theories of crime help us to understand the reasons of criminal behaviour. 4. Criminological theory over the intervening years has become increasingly scientific. 5. Explanations of criminal behavior fall into seven categories. 6. Crime is caused by the individual exercise of free will. 7. Criminals are identifiable through physical characteristics or genetic composition. 8. Crime results from the failure of self-direction or inadequate social role. 9. An understanding of deviant behaviour is available through case studies and detailed descriptions of deviant life-style. 10. Aspects of social life produce through association with others already committed to criminal behaviour.
Task 8: read the texts and fill in the missing words
Biological School: A criminological thought which holds that . behaviour has a psychological basis. Genes, foods and food additives, hormones, and inheritance are all thought to play a role in . individual behaviour. Biological thinkers highlight the underlying .. aspect of being human as a major determinate of.
The missing words: determining, behaviour, criminal, animalistic
Classical Schools: An eighteenth-century .. to crime causation and criminal . from the Enlightenment and which emphasized the role of free will and reasonable .
The missing words: responsibility, punishment, approach
Psychological School: A perspective on criminological thought which views .. and deviant behaviour as the products of dysfunctional ... The conscious, and especially the subconscious, contents of the .. psyche are identifies by psychological thinkers as major determinants of behaviour.
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The missing words: personalities, human, offensive
Social-Psychological School: A perspective on criminological thought which highlights the role played in causation by weakened self-esteem and meaningless roles. Social-psychological thinkers stress the relationship of the individual to the social group as the underlying .. of behaiour.
The missing words: crime, cause, social
Task 9: translate into English
, , , . . , , , , ..
, .. , , . , .
G R A M M A R
Participles (Progress Check)
Task 1: form Participle I from the following verbs; translate them. Make up the sentences with the Participles of the underlined verbs
to detect to observe - to try - to understand -
to form to make - to cry - to develop -
to identify - to write - to punish to examine
to read to print to interview to report
Task 2: transform the sentence according to the model
A) MODEL: The girl who keeps the minutes is the court clerk.
The girl keeping the minutes is the court clerk.
1.The inspector who interviews the suspected works in the Crime Investigation Department. 2. Members of the Parliament who discuss new fiscal year budget speak much of its disadvantages. 3. The barrister who consults the client specializes in divorces. 4. The authorities of the institute that trains specialists for law enforcement activity pay too much attention to foreign languages. 5. Usually the students who work hard at their English pass the exam successfully.
B) MODEL: When the experts examine the scene of the crime, they try to work very attentively.
Examining the scene of the crime the experts try to work very attentively
1. When pedestrians see the red light they stop moving. 2. When PMs discussed a new legislation they made some amendments. 3. When the policeman interviewed the witness of the accident he filled in the examination record. 4. When Mary speaks she always gesticulates. 5. When we went to the USA we filled in the declaration on board the plain.
Task 3: translate into English
1. . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , .
Task 4: form Participle II from the following verbs: translate them and make up the sentences with three of them
a) to develop - to investigate - to select
to develop to declare - to check
to require - to adopt - to print
b) to make - to learn - to show
to spend to catch - to find
to give - to break - to swear
Task 5: change the sentence according to the model
MODEL: We live in the house, which was constructed in 1970s.
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We live in the house constructed in 1970s.
1. The Smiths bought a car, which was made in Swiss. 2. The cadets listen to the lecture, which is delivered by Professor Stevenson from Norway. 3. Commish Kelly questioned the witnesses who were invited to the police station. 4. The first ten amendments to the US Constitution which are known as the Bill of Rights were adopted in 1971. 5. Coal which is mined in our region is exported abroad. 6. Specialists who are trained in our institute work all round Ukraine. 7. The crime that was committed by Kelly was much spoken about in mass media.
Task 6: translate word expressions with P II, paying attention to its function
a) produced goods; proclaimed independence; translated article; written letter; highly developed countries; cleared up crimes; published book; self-made man; signed agreement;
) though expected; if discovered; when questioned; packed in; when passed; though wounded.
Task 7: translate word expressions with P II
, , , , , , , , , , , , .
Task 8: choose the correct variant of translation
1. () all exams the students decided to go on a tour.
a) passing, b) having passed, c) being passed
2. ( ) to stay he refused.
a) telling, b) having told, c) being told
3. () much time I had to take taxi.
a) losing, b) lost, c) being lost
4. () the investigative experiment the detectives came back to the laboratory.
a) having finished, b) finishing, c) being finished
5. The law () by the Parliament last month was signed by the President without objection.
a) being passed, b) passed, c) passing
Part 2
| Text: Classification of crimes Vocabulary in use Grammar: Adjectives |
Task 1: choose the correct word and fill in the blanks in the sentences
| define | definitive | definite |
| definition | definable |
1. I have given the notebook to my friend for a .. period. 2. There are many mathematic .. in the manual. 3. It is rather problematic to .. the essence of law. 4. This phenomenon of the space is rather ..5. The decision of the judge was grounded on the latest findings of the investigation.
| violence | violently | violation |
| violate | violator | violent |
1. The Greek government was . criticized for financial crisis in the country. 2. Everybody who a law is called . 3. The category of .. crimes includes various kinds of killing a person. 4. The criminal has flown over the societys life. 5. All cases of law are defined by Criminal Code.
Task 2: read and translate the text
