Task 1: read and translate the text in a written form
Human Rights Problem
(by David Robertson)
Legal and political concern for human rights was a hallmark of the immediate post-Second World War period, both within many political systems and, even more so, at the international level. In part this was because bodies like the United Nations along with the constitution-makers in countries such as the Federal Republic of Germany, able to start afresh, too human rights very seriously. Their concern for rights was not purely an expression of the sentiment that decent treatment and maximum freedom for individuals is clearly a good in itself; their analysis of the causes of war suggested that disrespect for human rights had major international repercussions. Much the same attitudes resurfaced with the ending of the Cold War, particularly among those who believe that liberal democracies are inherently un-warlike. The roots of this theory are very old, going back to Kant, if no to Rousseau. Political and cultural changes in the liberal democracies over the last half century have all helped to focus awareness of discrimination, intolerance and all assaults on human dignity.
These general changes have coincided, over the last 10 to 20 years, with an increasing activism by courts in many countries. Political systems, and that of the United Kingdom is an example, in which the courts had a rather shameful record of subservience to the executive, are now increasingly proud of their public law. The change is international in the true sense, as it stems from an internationalization of legal culture, rather than a simple change that has occurred by happenstance and coincidentally in several countries. In large part this has come about from the growing importance of supranational legal entities such as the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. It has occurred also because international concern for the human rights records of many of countries became a significant factor in international relations during 1970s and 1980s. Finally, the development has been accelerated by the collapse of the USSR and the end of its hegemony over Eastern Europe.
(from A Dictionary of Human Rights. London: MPG Rochester Ltd., 1997. 391 p)
Task 2: answer the questions
1. What is the historical background of the human rights problem?
2. What events stimulated the attention to the human rights problem nowadays?
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8. ODriscoll J. Britain. The country and its people. Oxford University Press, 1996.
9. Schmalleger F. Criminal Justice Today. New Jersey, 1996.
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6. Hornby A.S. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford Univ. Press, 1982.
7. Martin E. A Dictionary of Law. Oxford Univ. Press, 2003.
8. Robertson D. A Dictionary of Human Rights. London: MPG Rochester Ltd., 1997. 391 p
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9. http://www.beyondintractability.org/bi-essay/human-rights-protect
10. http://criminal.lawyers.com/Criminal-Law-Basics/Classification-of-Crimes.html
11. http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-law-basics/classifications-of-crimes/
12. http://www.birminghamlawsociety.co.uk/Careers-in-law/What-is-a-lawyer.htm
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