Task 1: translate the sentences
1. Murder is the most serious crime. 2. Joan is the smallest in her family. 3. July is warmer than May. 4. The Dnieper is the longest river in Ukraine. 5. Kiev is older than Moscow. 6. Oxdrindge is the oldest University complex in the world. 7. My watch is five minutes slower than yours. 8. Silver is heavier than cooper. 9. The 22 d of December is the shortest day in a year. 10. John is the most ambitious person I have ever seen.
Task 2: make up the sentence with comparative degree of the adjectives
1. Europe Asia (large). 2. February March (short). 3. Brandy beer (strong). 4. Health money (important). 5. A journey by a car a journey by a plane (interesting). 6. A holiday in the country a holiday in the town (pleasant). 7. A meal in a restaurant a meal in a canteen (expensive). 8. London Kiev (ancient). 9. What is the highest mountain in Europe?. 10. The Beatles The Scorpion (popular).
Task 3: compare three persons suspected in crime commitment
Model: Mr. A is taller than Mr. B, but Mr. C is the tallest of the three.
Mr. A is not so tall as Mr. C
| Features | Mr. A | Mr. B | Mr. C |
| Height (tall/ short) | |||
| Face (round/ square) | |||
| Complexion (pale/ dark) | |||
| Chin (massive/ thin) | |||
| Nose (prominent/ hooked/ straight) | |||
| Hair (fair/ dark) | |||
| Built (slim/ average/ stout/ slender) |
Task 4: translate into English
1. ? 2. , - . 3. ? 4. ? 5. ? 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. - . 11. . 12. . 13. . 14. . 15. .
Task 1: read and translate the text in a written form
General Theory of Crime
In the relatively short period of time since its publication, A General Theory of Crime (1990) has seemed to attract an impressive amount of attention from criminologists. Travis Hirschi, in collaboration with Michael Gottfredson, moved away from his classic social bonding formulation of control theory and developed A General Theory of Crime (1990). In Hirschis original social bonding theory (1969), he emphasized the importance of indirect controlwhich allows parents to have a psychological presence when youths are not under their surveillance, additionally, this theory contained four elements of control: attachment, commitment, involvement, and beliefs. However, Gottfredson and Hirschi argue direct control is the key to the most effective parenting. For this reason, they proposed a theory of crime based solely on one type of control aloneself-control. They offer self-control theory as a generalized theory that explains all individual differences in the propensity to refrain from or to commit crime, which they point out includes all acts of crime and deviance at all ages, and circumstances.
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Individual differences in the tendency to commit criminal act remain reasonably stable with change in the social location of individuals and change in their knowledge of the operation of sanction systems. This is the problem of self-control, the differential tendency of people to avoid criminal acts whatever the circumstances in which they find themselves. Since this difference among people has attracted a wide variety of names, we begin by arguing the merits of the concept of self-control (Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990: 87).
First, it should be noted that Gottfredson and Hirschi differentiate between criminality, which is the propensity to offend, and crime, which is an actual event in which a law is broken. They recognize that a propensity cannot be acted on unless the opportunity to do so exists. Consequently, they see crime as a by-product of people with low self-control, who have high criminogenic propensities, coming into contact with illegal opportunities. Still, given the most offenses are easy to commit and opportunities for crime are constantly available, over time people with low self-control inevitably will become deeply involved in criminal behavior. That is, self-control, not opportunities, will be the primary determinant of peoples involvement in crime across their life course
It is seen that low self-control develops early in life and remains stable into and through adulthood. Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to inadequate childrearing practices. Parents or guardians who refuse or who are unable to monitor a childs behavior, will produce children who lack self-control. As Dennis Giever explains, children who are not attached to their parents, who are poorly supervised are the most likely to develop poor self control (1995). Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest that high self-control effectively reduces the possibility of crime namely, those possessing it will be substantially less likely at all periods of life to engage in criminal acts (Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990:89). In contrast, the lower a persons self-control, the higher his or her involvement in criminal behavior and in acts analogous to crime.
Gottfredson and Hirschi stress that there is great versatility in the types of crime and analogous behavior committed by persons with low self-control. Self-control, according to the theory, accounts for all variations by sex, culture, age, and circumstances and explains all crime, at all times, and, for that matter many forms of behavior that are not sanctioned by the state (Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990:117), and is for all intents and purposes, the individual-level cause of crime (Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990:232, emphasis in original). This is a bold claim made by both Gottfredson and Hirschi in which they attempt to support by reviewing known official and unofficial distribution and correlates of crime and delinquency, interpreting them as consistent with the concept of self-control.
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Task 2: answer the following questions
1. What is the main subject of the article?
2. Why is self-control defined as the most important feature in human behaviour?
3. Are there merits and drawbacks of Gottfredson and Hirschis theory?
Unit 3. Legal Professions
Part 1. A Prosecutor
| Text: Prosecutor Vocabulary in use |
Task 1: think over the following questions
1. What categories of professions related to legal activity do you know? 2. What is the most important among them? 3. What personal features must the lawyer posses? 4. What do you want to become?
Task 2: read international words paying attention to the stress
| ėchief | indiėvidual | ėethical | ėcivil | ėmodel |
| repreėsentative | acėtivity | anaėlytical | Ęguaranėty | proėfessional |
| inquisiėtorial | iėdentity | ėcriminal | ėfederal | ėpersonal |
Task 3: fill in the blanks with the appropriate parts of speech
| a noun | a verb | an adjective |
| criminal | ||
| to identify | ||
| prosecutor | ||
| to present | ||
| government | ||
| legal |
Task 4: match the expressions on both columns
| 1. legal representative 2. inquisitorial system 3. breaking the law 4 analytical mind 5. to make disclosure 6. legal party 7. education required 8. criminal case 9. to negate the guilt 10. to guarantee the independence | 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. |
Task 5: read and translate the text
The prosecutor is a chief legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the common law adversarial system, or the civil law inquisitorial system. The prosecution is a legal party responsible for presenting he case in a criminal trial against an individual accused of breaking the law.
| Occupation | Activity sector Law |
| Description | Competencies advocacy skills, analytical mind, sense of justice |
| Education required | Bar Vocational Course, Bar exam, Common Professional exam |
Prosecutors are typically lawyers who possess a law degree, and are recognized as legal professionals by the court in which they intend to represent the state (the society).
They usually only become involved in a criminal case once a suspect has been identified and charges need to be filed. They are typically employed by an office of the government, with safeguards in place to ensure such an office can successfully pursue the prosecution of government officials.
Since prosecutors are backed by the power of the state, they are usually subject to special professional responsibility rules in addition to those binding all lawyers. For example, in the United States, Rule 3.8 of the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct requires prosecutors to make timely disclosure to the defense of all evidence or information . That tends to negate the guilt of the accused or mitigates the offence. Not all US states adopt the model rules, however US Supreme Court cases and other appellate cases have ruled that such disclosure is required. Typical sources of ethical requirements imposed on prosecutors come from appellate court opinion, state or federal court rules, and state or federal statutes (codified laws).
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