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UNIT 1. What is a law
Law is a basis of a state
(Latin aphorism)
Part 1
| Text: What is a law? Vocabulary in use Grammar: The Tenses of the Verb |
Task 1: think over the following questions
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1. Why does a human society need laws? 2. What can be treated as unwritten laws? 3. Who has the right to make laws? 4. Have you ever violated the law?
Task 2: translate verb combinations with the word LAW and the sentences below
| study | ||||||
| read | practice | |||||
| apply | enforce | |||||
| observe | L A W | execute | ||||
| break | make | |||||
| modify | amend | |||||
| enact |
1. Law students read or study law at Law Schools where law teachers teach law. 2. Then thy graduate and practice law. 3. People must observe law. 4. But sometimes they break law. 5. Then police enforce law. 6. In courts judges apply laws. 7. Parliament or some other administrative bodies make laws or modify them if its necessary. 8. They also sometimes amend law. 9. Governments execute law.
Task 3: compare the definitions of a law: find the common features and disparities.
| Oxford Dictionary of Law | 1) the enforceable body of rules prescribed by a legitimate lawmaking authority which is binding upon its members and upon those under its jurisdiction 2) the written acts of a legislature |
| - , , | |
| , (, ) , , |
Task 4: read and translate text A What is law?
What is law, and do we really need it? (written by Evan Sycamnias)
As such, there is no single or correct answer to this question. In past no one really questioned lawmakers, law distributors, or the laws themselves. But of late, society has begun to question most legal activities as to their effectiveness and competence.
There are 2 sources of law parliament (legislation) and court (case) made law. These laws can be regarded as being purely formal, irrespective of whether they are good or bad.
Law can be positivist in nature meaning no judgment is made in regards to the quality of that law - implement it regardless if it is a good or bad. Such a theory does not look at the moral implications of the laws its an amoral view of law. Natural law on the other hand, is the idea that God makes laws. This theory originates as far back as early Greece and the Gods. The most complete account of natural law doctrine can be found by Aquinas St. Thomas. For instance "Nothing else than the rational creatures participation of the eternal law", "Every human law has just so much of the character of the law as it is derived from the law of nature. But if in any point it differs from the law of nature, it is no longer a law but a corruption of a law", "that positive law is a determination of natural law".
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One natural theorist is Kant Emmanuel "No law can be right merely by convention", "Laws, as such, are to be regarded as necessary a priori that is as following of themselves from the conceptions of external right generally and not as merely established by statues".
Bentham Jeremy accepted Hobbers identification of law A law is what a sovereign commands (This approach can be associated to the case of Hitler and his power). He explained the principle of utility (the ability to way up the benefits of a product or situation and make decisions about it based on its usefulness or cost), and suggested that certainty in the law could not be had without codification.
In 1832, Austin John published his theory that sought to clarify the distinction between law and morality. He stated that 'commands' are expressions of desire that another shall forbear, which is accompanied by a threat of punishment (the "sanction") for disobedience.
The disputed question is "is law really needed"? Laws are guidelines that set out appropriate behaviour that has been developed over time, and are based on moral beliefs, a human condition that sets out a purpose that society in general is called upon or required to fulfill. Without the fulfillment of these desired tasks, man simply will become equal to animals or worse still, allow their darker sides (or impulses) to emerge and control their lives. Thus, law acts as a guardian against the inevitable anarchy that would engulf humanity (if you want proof, simply turn to the riots that take place in America when officers of the law go out on strike).
On the other hand, there are people who believe that mankind is naturally good, and it is the external forces that surround us that are completely responsible for any wrong doing that takes place for instance, the government.
Augustines assertion that law was a natural necessity to curb mans sinful nature held the field for many centuries. But the belief that mans nature might be corrupt and sinful has been at times weighed against the belief that man posses a natural virtue which is capable of development. Leaning heavily upon Aristotles conception of the natural development of the state from mans social impulses, Aquinas held that the state was not necessary evil but was a natural foundation in the development of human welfare.
This continued perception of man with no laws or structures to force certain behaviours creating the ultimate utopian society is legally termed (or coined) as laissez faire. But when we think about this supposed utopian society, we can see that it is not possible. The only time it would have ever been a feasible theory would have been at the time of mans conception as in Adam and Eve and history has already show us that their duration in paradise did not last that long. Come to think of it, even Adam and Eve had guidelines, no matter how limited, that they had to follow for their retention in paradise and they failed - as would any other anarchy based, or limited direction society.
The most influential of all people that promoted anarchy of sorts, would undoubtedly be Karl Marx. He envisaged the overthrow of the capitalist society by a violent revolution of the oppressed proletariat. Law was nothing but a coercive system devised to maintain a classless society would be brought into being, and law and the state would whither away as being no longer needed to support an oppressive regime. The Marxist looks forward rather than back to the Golden Age (if it ever really existed) when social harmony will be attuned to the natural goodness of man unimpeded by such environmental snares as the institution of private property. But it can be seen that the introduction of Marxist socialism has always been closely followed by the implementation of more laws and legal repression, rather than having them abolished.
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It is fact, that even in the simplest of societies, some form of legal rule and guidance is without doubt needed to control the anarchist like environment which ironically counteracts the entire purpose of a lawless society.
Vocabulary:
a source appropriate behaviour
be regarded implement
law of nature certainty in the law
principle of utility ,
moral implication ()
to clarify the distinction
a threat of punishment
disobedience a coercive system
to set out a purpose
allow to emerge a riot ,
assertion private property
to curb a nature laissez faire ()
to force behaviour unimpeded
to envisage (), ()
to support a regime
Task 5: find the synonyms of the following words in the text
| to abrogate | a statement | to absorb | discussed |
| to create | community | to maintain | an aim |
| a tool | to design | to involve | assurance |
Task 6: define the correct completion of the sentences
1. Society has begun to question most legal activities as to
a) their rationalism, b) their legal powers, c) their drawbacks
2. Natural law on is the idea that ..
a) Lord creates laws, b) Sovereign enforces laws, c) Goddess knows laws
3. Austins theory sought to clarify ..
a) the difference between spirit and flesh, b) difference between rights and obligations, c) the difference between ethical and selfish philosophy of people
4. Laws are based on ..
a) sound mind, b) religious concepts, c) human enthusiasm
5. Due to Aquinas the state was a natural foundation in the development .
a) of public mind, b) of mans prosperity, c) scientific ideas
6. Karl Marx envisaged the overthrow of the capitalist society by ..
a) democratic reforms, b) cruel actions of workers and peasants, c) global wars
7. Some form of legal rule and guidance is without doubt needed .
a) to stop criminal activity, b) to curb mans sinful nature, c) to maintain law and order
Task 7: choose the correct word and fill in the blanks
| force | forced | forcible |
| to force | forceful | forcing |
1. The Russian Federation government was a success in ____________ Georgian authorities to peace safeguarding peoples of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
2. After Parliament adoption a law may come into_________________..
3. The party of defence was more _____________________ at the case examining.
4. The robber _______ the lock and opened the door.
5. Because of the fog the crew of the plane has to undertake ________landing.
6. __________ arguments were presented to the court.
| legality | legalize | legatee |
| legal | legate | legalist |
1. In some European countries the soft drugs have been _____________
2. There are three ________ systems in the world Continental, Anglo-Saxon and Moslem.
3. A person elected in Parliament can be called _______________.
4. Police are to enforce _________________ and maintain public order.
5. The last Baskerville Hall _____________ came in England from America.
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6. The famous merchant Tretyakov __________ his collection of pictures to Russia.
| punish | punishment |
| punishable | punitive |
1. A person committed a crime is _________ by a law.
2. The degree of __________ must be corresponded to the seriousness of the crime.
3. A court is to ____________ an offender according to the Criminal Code instructions.
4. The practice of _____________ expeditions is widely spread within the troops of coalition in Afghanistan.
Task 8: match the two columns
| 1. , . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . | a) A law acts ac a guardian of a society against anarchy. b) A state is a basis of developing mans welfare. c) Many scientists and lawyers envisaged the matter of the necessity of law in a society. d) The threat of punishment mast be a curbing factor for everybody who violates a law. e) Modern society witnesses mass riots. f) A law determines an appropriate behaviour of a man in a society. g) The private property right is protected by a law. h) A law is appreciated due to its effectiveness and competence. |
Task 9: answer the questions
1. What is the main topic of the text? 2. Whose names are mentioned here? 3. What is the essence of natural law? 4. What is the link between law and morality? 5. What is law aimed to do in a society? 6. How does Marxist theory treat law in a society?
G R A M M A R
Tenses in the Active Voice (Progress Check)
Task 1: use the appropriate form of the verb (Present, Past, Future Simple)
1. Police (to be) responsible for protecting a person and property. 2. There (to be) no court institution in ancient society. 3. I hope my brother (to be) a militia officer after the graduation of the institute. 4. Usually the cadets (to study) six days in the week. 5. When at school John (to dream) to become a detective. 6. Working hard he (to make) a great progress in English. 7. The Supreme Soviet (to decide) to organize the referendum on Ukraines independence. 8. If you (to have) not enough money youll buy a car in installment. 9. Between 55 BC and AD 412 English people (to be) under Roman control, so they (to use) Roman law. 10. A traffic controller (to help) children to cross the street.
Task 2: use the appropriate form of the verb (Present, Past, Future Perfect or Present, Past, Future Perfect Continuous)
1. By the time we get to the place the court hearing (to finish). 2. The police officer (to question) the eyewitness of the accident for an hour already. 3. The policemen (to gather) evidence of the murder for three hours. 4. We (to write) control paper for an hour already by the time the Dean (to come) in the classroom. 5. The chief (to have) dinner with the business partners now. 6. Mr. Smith (to work) in the bank since the day he graduated the Higher Business School. 7. The sportsman (to train) tomorrow morning at seven sharp. 8. The Smiths (to be) to Berlin twice. 9. (to know) him before? 10. You need not buy bread; I (to buy) it.
Task 3: translate into English
) , . . . , , , , . .
) , . , . . , . , .
Part 2
| Text: Branches of public law Vocabulary in use Grammar: The Tenses of the Verb |
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Task 1: read international words paying attention to the stress
| `legal | `system | `complex | `central | `service |
| in`form | `dispute | ac`tivity | Ęconstit`ution | administrate |
| `vibrant | pro`fession | `military | Ęinter`national | `practice |
| `civil | consoli`date | democ`ratic | in`terpret | bu`reaucracy |
Task 2: fill in the blanks with the appropriate parts of speech
| A noun | A verb | An adjective |
| equal | ||
| to govern | ||
| special | ||
| to punish | ||
| local |
Task 3: match the expressions of both columns
| 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. | to provide a source to enforce the law treaties between sovereign nations to be forbidden by law to pertain to crimes to review the decisions set of rules or regulations to comply with the law to commit an act to carry criminal responsibility | a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. |
Task 4: read and translate the text B
Legal systems elaborate rights and responsibilities in a variety of ways. A general distinction can be made between civil law jurisdictions, which codify their laws, and common law systems, where judge made law is not consolidated. Law provides a rich source of scholarly inquiry, into legal history, philosophy, economic analysis or sociology. Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness and justice. "In its majestic equality", said the author Anatole France in 1894, "the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal loaves of bread."
In a typical democracy, the central institutions for interpreting and creating law are the three main branches of government, namely an impartial judiciary, a democratic legislature, and an accountable executive. To implement and enforce the law and provide services to the public, a government's bureaucracy, the military and police are vital.
Actually the word Law is very difficult to define as people use it in two meanings 1) as the set of rules or regulations made by authorities for controlling relations and peoples behavior in the society and 2) as legally determined spheres of law science.
Law affects many aspects of our life. Since the law does cover a wide variety of matters it is helpful to divide it into different categories. The first distinction is that between international and national (municipal) law; national law is classified into public and private law; finally these classification is sub-divided into a number of different categories.
International law can refer to three things: public international law, private international law or conflict of laws and the law of supranational organizations.
a) Public international law concerns relationships between sovereign nations. The sources for public international law development are custom, practice and treaties between sovereign nations, such as the Geneva Conventions. Public international law can be formed by international organizations, such as the United Nations (which was established after the failure of the League of Nations to prevent the Second World War), the International Labour Organization, the World Trade Organization, or the International Monetary Fund. Public international law has a special status as law because there is no international police force, and courts (e.g. the International Court of Justice as the primary UN judicial organ) lack the capacity to penalize disobedience. However, a few bodies, such as the WTO, have effective systems of binding arbitration and dispute resolution backed up by trade sanctions.
b) Conflict of laws (or "private international law" in civil law countries) concerns which jurisdiction a legal dispute between private parties should be heard in and which jurisdiction's law should be applied. Today, businesses are increasingly capable of shifting capital and labour supply chains across borders, as well as trading with overseas businesses, making the question of which country has jurisdiction even more pressing.
c) European Union law is the first and, so far, only example of a supranational legal framework. Given the trend of increasing global economic integration, many regional agreements especially the Union of South American Nations are on track to follow the same model. In the EU, sovereign nations have gathered their authority in a system of courts and political institutions. These institutions are allowed the ability to enforce legal norms both against or for member states and citizens in a manner which is not possible through public international law. As the European Court of Justice said in the 1960s, European Union law constitutes "a new legal order of international law" for the mutual social and economic benefit of the member states.
Constitutional and administrative laws govern the affairs of the state.
Constitutional law concerns both the relationships between the executive, legislature and judiciary and the human rights or civil liberties of individuals against the state. Most jurisdictions, like the United States and France, have a single codified constitution, with a Bill of Rights. A few, like the United Kingdom, have no such document. A "constitution" is simply those laws which constitute the body politic, from statute, case law and convention. The fundamental constitutional principle, inspired by John Locke, holds that the individual can do anything but that which is forbidden by law, and the state may do nothing but that which is authorized by law.
Administrative law is the chief method for people to hold state bodies to account. People can apply for judicial review of actions or decisions by local councils, public services or government ministries, to ensure that they comply with the law. The first special administrative court was the Conseil d'État set up in 1799, as Napoleon assumed power in France.
Criminal law, also known as penal law, pertains to crimes and punishment. It regulates the definition of and penalties for offences found to have a sufficiently deleterious social impact but, in itself, makes no moral judgment on an offender nor imposes restrictions on society that physically prevents people from committing a crime in the first place. Investigating, apprehending, charging, and trying suspected offenders is regulated by the law of criminal procedure. The paradigm case of a crime lies in the proof that a person is guilty of two things. First, the accused must commit an act which is deemed by society to be criminal, or actus reus (guilty act). Second, the accused must have the requisite malicious intent to do a criminal act, or mens rea (guilty mind). Criminal systems of the civil law tradition distinguish between intention in the broad sense (dolus directus and dolus eventualis), and negligence. Negligence does not carry criminal responsibility unless a particular crime provides for its punishment.
Vocabulary:
to elaborate rights and responsibilities
an impartial judiciary
an accountable executive
to penalize disobedience
legal framework
the mutual benefit
to govern the affairs
the law of criminal procedure -
to carry criminal responsibility
to impose restrictions
Task 5: give the English equivalents
, , , , , , , , , , .
Task 6: find the synonyms of the following words in the text
| a perpetrator | to determine | to make | various |
| A person | to defend | to investigate | lawful |
| freedom | to rule | to supply | independent |
Task 7: define the correct completion of the sentences
1. Legal systems elaborate
a) punishment and forcing, b) rewards and prizes, c) rights and duties
2. The word Law is very difficult .
f) to understand, b) to determine, c) classify
3. Public international law concerns relationships between
a) members of a society b) independent states, c) Parliaments
4. Administrative law is the chief method for people
a) to control state bodies, b) to protect law and order, c) to punish criminals
5. The law of criminal procedure regulates .
a) arrest, investigation, prosecution, b) judgment, execution, blame, c) economy, policy, culture
Task 8: make the expressions with the proposed words, translate them
| to forbid | to regulate | |||
| offender | relationships | |||
| legal | constitutional | |||
| responsibility | act | |||
Task 9: translate into English and define the branch of the law
| __________________ | - , , - . |
| _________________ | - , , . |
| __________________ | - , , , , , , , , , . |
| __________________ | - , -, , , . |
G r a m m a r
Tenses in the Passive Voice (Progress Check)
Task 1: use the appropriate form of the verb
1. The suspected (to be described) by the witness detailed. 2. Smiths house (to be bought) after Bobs birth. 3. The credit on Criminal Law (to be passed) by 5 p.m. 4. By the time mother comes the flat (to be cleaned) by children. 5. The Speaker of the Parliament (to be elected) by the secret voting. 6. The Cathedral (to be constructed) for three centuries. 7. The lecture (to be delivered) by the visiting Professor since 11.00. 8. The monarchs power (to be limited) by British Parliament. 9. The assassination of the official (to be discussed) widely by mass media for a month. 10. The first library in Kiev (to be organized) by Yaroslav the Wise. 11. That case (to be exercised) by the experienced investigator. 12. The work (to be done) perfectly well.
Task 2: translate into English.
1. 51 . 2. 1. 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. .
Task 3: define and correct Grammar mistakes
1. A new tax bill will passedby the Parliament next week.
A B C
2. The Director of the National Bank isappoint by the President.
A B C
3. Ukraine aredividedinto 26 regions.
A B C
4. The cadets hasbeen allowed to pass the exam in advance.
A B C
5. The policing activity has been codify in 1285 by the Winchester Statute.
A B C
6. The old woman wasbeenhelped to cross the street.
A B C
7. The speech of the Public Prosecutor has been listeningfor two hours.
A B C
8. The protocol of intention is beensigned at least.
A B C
9. The law hasbrokenby him twice.
A B C
10. Each year Great Britain wereattendedby many visitors.
A B C
11. The seminar hasbeing delivered for two hours.
A B C
Part 3
| Text: Branches of Private Law Vocabulary in use Grammar: Model Verbs |
Task 1: choose the correct word and fill in the blanks in the sentences
| Government | governing | governmental | governor (General) |
| Governess | governable | ungovernable | governance |
1. The _______________ crowd was blocked by the Special Task Police.
2. We have hired the _________________ for our children.
3. Prime Minister is responsible for the effective work of the ___________________ 4. The British Queens power in Canada is presented by _______________________
5. The _________________ classes of the USA are not interested in European currency growth and stability.
6. There is a _____________ hour in the Parliament work.
7. The _________________ of the state is exercised by three branches of state power.
8. The ____________ population is a law-abiding population.
| obligate | obligation |
| obligatory | oblige |
1. When becoming a lawyer you undertake ___________ to enforce the law.
2. The Ukrainian citizenship is an _________________ condition to join the militia.
3. The law _____________ the parents to send the children to school.
4. The status of a judge ___________________ you to be impartial and fair.
| employable | employment | employ |
| employee | employer | unemployment |
1. Thousand of policemen will be ______________ during the world championship.
2. The rate of __________ is an indicator of the economic prosperity of a state.
3. There is a tendency of decreasing the ___________ population of modern society.
4. The ________________ were informed of the additional vocational days.
5. The ______________ from many countries came to economic forum.
6. The financial crisis has resulted in growing _____________________.
Task 2: read and translate the text C The branches of Private Law
Private law is the branch of law that governs individuals' relationships with each other. It is distinct from public law, which relates to an individual's obligations to the state and to society as a whole. Private law governs tort liability as well as contracts cases. Generally speaking, private law is the area of law in a society that affects the relationships between individuals or groups without the intervention of the state or government.
The branches of private law are as follows:
1. Contract and Commercial Law: These laws deal solely with matters that involve contracts among people. By definition a contract is a legal agreement among persons or people. Contracts are needed in order to carry out daily business. Disputes arising from contracts are dealt with under this section of the law.
Contract law is based on the principle expressed in the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda, which is usually translated "agreements to be kept" but more literally means "pacts must be kept".
Contract law can be classified, as is habitual in civil law systems, as part of a general law of obligations, along with tort, unjust enrichment, and restitution.
As a means of economic ordering, contract relies on the notion of consensual exchange and has been extensively discussed in broader economic, sociological, and anthropological terms. In American English, the term extends beyond the legal meaning to encompass a broader category of agreements.
2. Tort Law: It deals with injuries caused to a person by other individuals or companies.
A tort, in common law jurisdictions, is a wrong that involves a breach of a civil duty (other than a contractual duty) owed to someone else. It is differentiated from a crime, which involves a breach of a duty owed to society in general. Though many acts are both torts and crimes, prosecutions for crime are mostly the responsibility of the state, private prosecutions being rarely used; whereas any party who has been injured may bring a lawsuit for tort. It is also differentiated from equity, in which a petitioner complains of a violation of some right. One who commits a tortuous act is called a tortfeasor. The equivalent of tort in civil law jurisdictions is delict.
The word 'tort' is derived from French word of the same spelling which means "mischief, injury, wrong, or calamity", from the Latin tortus, meaning twisted.
3. Property Law: This section deals with the ownership and use of property. This property could be anything from a building to a car.
Property law is the area of law that governs the various forms of ownership in real property (land as distinct from personal or movable possessions) and in personal property, within the common law legal system. In the civil law system, there is a division between movable and immovable property. Movable property roughly corresponds to personal property, while immovable property corresponds to real estate or real property, and the associated rights and obligations thereon.
Though the Napoleonic code was among the first government acts of modern times to introduce the notion of absolute ownership into statute, protection of personal property rights was present in medieval Islamic law and jurisprudence, and in more feudalist forms in the common law courts of medieval and early modern England.
4. Inheritance or Succession Law: It deals with the rights of inheritance of property. These laws are different in all countries. These rules only apply when a person dies without leaving a will.
The rules are based partly on 'Degrees of Consanguinity' and partly on a system of precedence. This means that some relatives of the deceased with the same consanguinity, e.g. parents and children, do not inherit equally. The degree of consanguinity between the deceased and his intestate heirs is calculated as follows:
- In the direct line, where blood relatives are descended directly from one another, each generation counts one degree. Thus, a father and son are related to one another in the first degree, a grandfather and grandson in the second degree and so on.
- With collateral relatives, who are not descended from one another but from a common ancestor, the degrees of consanguinity are calculated by counting from one collateral up to the nearest common ancestor and then down to the other collateral. Each generation is again counted as a degree. Thus, the total degree of consanguinity is the number of generations between each person and the nearest common ancestor added together. Two brothers are related in the second degree, an uncle and nephew in the third degree and so on.
5. Family Law: It governs the legal aspect of the family, such as the rules of adoption, marriage, divorce and child support.
Family law is an area of the law that deals with family-related issues and domestic relations including:
the nature of marriage, civil unions, and domestic partnerships;
issues arising throughout marriage, including spousal abuse, legitimacy, adoption, surrogacy, child abuse, and child abduction;
the termination of the relationship and ancillary matters including divorce, annulment, property settlements, alimony, and parental responsibility orders (in the United States, child custody and visitation, child support and alimony awards).
paternity fraud and testing
This list is by no means dispositive of the potential issues that come through the family court system. In many jurisdictions in the United States, the family courts see the most crowded dockets. Litigants representative of all social and economic classes are parties within the system.
6. Corporate Law: deals with business and stockholders. This branch is often classed together with contract and commercial law as business law.
Corporate law (also "company" or "corporations" law) is the study of how shareholders, directors, employees, creditors, and other stakeholders such as consumers, the community and the environment interact with one another under the internal rules of the firm. Corporate law is a part of a broader companys law (or law of business associations). Other types of business associations can include partnerships (in the UK governed by the Partnership Act 1890), or trusts (like a pension fund), or companies limited by guarantee (like some universities or charities). Corporate law is about big business, which has separate legal personality, with limited liability or unlimited liability for its members or shareholders, who buy and sell their stocks depending on the performance of the board of directors. It deals with the firms that are incorporated or registered under the corporate or company law of a sovereign state or their sub-national states.
Vocabulary:
unfair enrichment a will -
restitution
to breach a civil duty
to bring a lawsuit
real property
movable property
consanguinity ,
collateral ,
collateral relationship
shareholder = stockholders
consumer paternity testing
civil union ()
spousal abuse
ancillary matters
Task 3: find the synonyms of the following words in the text
| to manage | to include | to apply | offence |
| liability | to debate | be in debt | party |
Task 4: give the English equivalents
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
Task 5: choose the correct completion of the sentence
1. Private law governs
a) the relationships of the business circles, b) relationships of people, c) the relationships of states
2. A contract is a legal agreement .
a) among a person and a state; b) among individuals; c) among the sportsmen
3. A tort involves ..
a) a violation of civil rights b) a breaking of civil obligations c) an examination of civil cases
4. Property governs the various forms of ownership ..
a) partial possession and absolute possession b) in state property and in corporative property c) in real property and in personal property
5. Succession Law deals with the rights of
a) purchase and sale, b) possession of property, c) controlling the property
6. Family law deals with
a) business related issues, b) family-related issues, c) job-related issues
Task 6: define the notions due to the words in each group
| a) ____________ | b) ___________ | c)____________ |
| rule norms of behavior to guarantee to defend to prescribe security of a society Parliament Constitution | responsible economy to manage to develop Prime Minister be nominated state budget accountability | to have movable and unmovable to inherit a will real estate communal private join estate |
Task 7: make up the sentences matching both columns
| 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. | Private law is the branch of law . Contracts are needed A tort is a wrong .. Property law is the area of law In the civil law system, there is a division between movable and immovable property The rules are based partly on 'Degrees of Consanguinity' .. Blood relatives descended directly from one another Family law deals with . Corporate Law is often classed together with .. Big business has separate legal personality, | a) ) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) | . . . . . . . . . |
Task 8: translate the questions and answer them
1. ? 2. ? 3. ? 4. ? 5. ? 6. ? 7. ? 8. ? 9. () ? 10. ?
Task 9: define the missing words; fill in the blanks
A) In the private law system, the laws are by individual people who bring . against violators. The government does not . violations of private law, and a person cannot be sent to jail for . private laws. The penalties associated with . laws are normally monetary.
B) The tort law system is by private laws. A tort is an .. that hurts someone. The private law system imposes a legal not to commit torts, and allows a person to recover damages for such an injury. If a person is injured by someone else's negligent or intentional actions, the person can sue under .. law.
C) In some cases, an action can . both public and private laws. For example, if a person has a car accident and injures someone while driving .., this is a violation of public law related to driving under the influence (DUI). It is also a violation of a private law that .. a legal duty not to injure others.
The drunk driver can be .. in criminal court and subject to criminal penalties. He can also be sued, and the of the accident can be awarded damages. The right to damages and the cause of action brought in tort are grounded in ..laws.
D) Contract law is another .. of private law. Under the contract law system, private promises made between two . are legally enforced by a court of law. The court enforces those .. if the contract was made in accordance with private laws, such as specificity of the contract terms and conditions.
Task 10: translate into English
, , . . (, ).
G R A M M A R
Model Verbs (Progress Check)
Task 1: explain the usage of the modal verbs in the sentences
1. Giselle Smith can speak German fluently as she is of the German origin. 2. You may join us after the lessons. 3. The car must not be parked here. 4. You may take this magazine and keep it as long as you need. 5. Why does John have to spend too much time in the library? 6. Drivers may go at 90 km an hour here. 7. We need not buy bread as we have it. 8. It may get colder. 9. I have to wait for the manager, as he is not in. 10. I am to meet my sun at six.
Task 2: make up sentences with modal verbs and their equivalents using the proposed words
| Can and equivalent (to be able to) |
| Example: to read Can your brother write? My brother cant write, he is only five. He could read when he was four. He will be able to write soon. |
| Words: to teach law, to explain the system of courts, to question the witness, to speak to the chief investigator, to describe the suspected, to examine the evidence |
| May and equivalent (to be allowed to) |
| Example: to touch the gun May I touch the gun? It may shoot. |
| Words: to take part in lawmaking, to speak to the Prime Minister, to use ones evidence, to speak to the prisoner, to overhear the discussion of the Verkhovna Rada |
| Must and have to |
| Example: to analyze the mistakes We must analyze the mistakes and not to make them in future! Did they have to analyze the mistakes? We wont have to analyze the mistakes. Its useless. |
| Words: to examine details thoroughly, to be responsible for maintaining public order, to control the problem of public health, to follow the Prime Ministers advice. |
Task 3: complete the sentences
1. I can .. 3. You should ..5. A judge must .
2. You may . 4. I need not . 6. They are to
Task 4: translate into English
1. . 2. . 3. ? 4. ? 5. . 6. . 7. ? 8. . 9. . 10. .
Task 1: translate the text in a written form
