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. 7




- 21 -

 

radial flow or centrifugal compressor , positive displacement compressor , highly stressed parts , thermal efficiency - , rows of fixeed blades , rows of moving blades , to withstand high temperature , thermal expansion , cold condition , full load operation , expansion problems , steady temperature () .

 

3. .

 

1. What does vertical distance represent? Does it represent the pressure? 2. What does horisontal distance represent? Does it represent the volume? 3. What does the diagram represent? Does it represent the passage of air through the machine? 4. What does the compressor compress? Does it compress the air?

 

4. , does.

1. Where does the reexpand to the atmospheric pressure? 2. Where does the gas discharge? 3. Where

does the gas pass? 4. What does the power output arise from? 5. Where does fuel burn?

 

5. .

 

1. The pressure is represented by vertical distance. 2. The air is compressed by the compressor.

2. The compressed air is heated by the gas turbine.

 

6. .

 

1. When is the air compressed adiabatically? 2. When is the gas heated? 3. When is the work done?

2. When is the gas finally exhausted?

 

7. .

 

1. Is the expansion problem of the greatest importance? Yes, it is. 2. Is the maximum gas temperature of the cycle very important? Yes, it is. 3. Is the difference between steam and gas turbines important? Yes, it is. 4. Is the turbine the most stressed part? Yes, it is. 5. Is axial compressor more efficient? Yes, it is.

 

8. .

 

1. Do gas turbine materials withstand high temperatures? Yes, they do. 2. Do gas turbines need special forms of construction? Yes, they do. 3. Do gas turbine materials accommodate the thermal expansion of the parts? Yes, they do. 4. Do some parts of gas turbines warm up quickly? Yes, they do. 5. Do some parts of gas turbines take longer to reach a steady temperature? Yes, they do.

 

9. , 11.

 

- 22 -

.

 

I. .

II. , . .

III. . .

 

1. A part of the turbine that draws in air from the atmosphere is called the air inlet 2. A unit which compresses the air is called the compressor. 3. A unit where the fuel is burnt in the air is called the combustion chamber. 4. A unit of the plant that determines the maximum gas temperature of the cycle is called the turbine. 5. A unit of the plant where the air is cooled during the compression is called the intercooler.

 

IV. 5 .

V. .

VI. .

 

1. When is the fuel burnt? The fuel burns between the points B and C. 2. Where does the gas reexpand to atmosphere pressure? It reexpands in the turbine. 3. What does the P-V diagram represent? it represents pressure and volume. 4. On which stroke is the air compressed? It is compressed on the return stroke. 5. From where does the power output arise? It arises from the work done during the expansions. 6. Enumerate the units which make up a gas turbine plant. The compressor, combustion chamber, intercooler, reheater, gas turbine itself. 7. There are the axial flow or turbo-compressor, the radial flow or centrifugal compressor, the positive displacement or rotary compressor. The axial compressor is more efficient.8. It is the turbine. 9. They are of the axial flow type. 10.Yes, they are. 11. Gas turbines need special materials to withstand the high working temperatures, special forms of construction to suit these materials and accommodate thermal expansion.12. They are severe after each start due to differential expansion between the parts which warm up quickly and those which take longer to reach a steady temperature.

 

VII. .

1. . 2. . 3. - . 4. . 5. .

 

VIII. B .

 

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1. .

 

2. :

 

Internal combustion engine , principal of operation , four stroke cycle , two stroke cycle , single acting , double acting , trunk piston type , crosshead type , opposed-piston type , suction stroke , compression stroke , combustion and expansion stroke , exhaust stroke , inlet valve , exhaust valve , starting valve - , fuel injection valve

(), exhaust port , spray valve , scavenging ports , uniflow scavenging .

 

3. .

 

1. They say that is an opposed piston type engine. 2. They say this is a double acting engine. 3. They say this is a double acting engine. 4. They say that is a crosshead engine. 5. They say this engine has a four stroke cycle. 6. They say this engine has a four stroke cycle. 6. They say that engine has a two - stroke cycle.

 

4. .

 

1. The exhaust valve closes, doesnt it? 2. The fuel oil is sprayed into the cylinder, isnt it? 3. The fuel is ignated in the cylinder, isnt it? 4. The gas expands in the cylinder, doesnt it?

 

5. ( ).

 

1. When does the fuel injection valve open? 2. When does the oil get into the cylinder? 3. When does the gas expand? 4. When does the gas exhaust? 5. When does the exhaust valve open? 6. When does the gas reduce in pressure?

 

6. ( ).

1. Where is an exhaust pipe connected to? 2. Where is the fuel ignated? 3. Where is the inlet valve placed?

 

7. , . .

 

1. What is the air temperature? 2. What is the oil pressure? 3. What is the gas temperature? 4. What is the exhaust gas pressure?

 

- 3 -

 

8. . .

 

1. Is there an exhaust pipe connected to the cylinder? Yes, there is. 2. Is there a ring of exhaust ports at the cylinder bottom? Yes, there is. 3. Is there a number of scavenging ports in place of air inlet valves? Yes, there is. 4. Is there a scavenging air compressor operated from the engine? Yes, there is. 5. Is there only one revolution of the crankshaft in this cycle? Yes, there is.

 

9. .

 

1. What does the piston unconer? 2. What does the piston compress? 3. Where does the air flow? 4. What does the fresh air push out? 5. What fills the cylinder?

 

10. .

 

1. . 2. . 3. .

 

11. .

Lb libra .

 

.

 

I. .

II. 2 . .

 

1. Four stroke cycle.

2. Two stroke cycle.

, .

132 - In the 2-cycle, single acting Diesel engine . From the engine .

 

III. C 5 .

 

1.There are two types of diesel engines: four-stroke and two stroke engines. 2. According to the principle of operation diesel engines are devided into single-acting and double-acting. 3. Air inlet valve, fuel valve and exhaust valve should be closed during the combustion stroke, otherwise there will be no combustion. 4. Fuel is injected under high pressure. 5. The pressure of gases drops at the end of the expansion stroke.

 

IV. .

)

1. Fuel oil is injected.

2. Fuel oil is injected into the cylinder.

3. Fuel oil is injected into the engine cylinder

4. Fuel oil is injected into the engine cylinder under a pressure.

5. Fuel oil is injected into the engine cylinder under a pressure of 3500 lbs per square inch.

 

- 4 -

 

b)

1. The piston moves upward.

2. The piston moves upward on its exhaust stroke.

3. The piston moves upward on its exhaust stroke pushing gases out.

4. The piston moves upward on its exhaust stroke pushing gases out through the ports.

5. The piston moves upward on its exhaust stroke pushing gases out through the opened exhaust ports

 

V. , .12.

 

VI. .

 

1. Diesel engines may be single or double acting, trunk-piston type, crosshead type, opposed piston type. 2. The four stroke cycle consists of: the suction stroke, compression stroke, combustion and expansion stroke and exhaust stroke. Air inlet valve, exhaust valve, fuel valve are on the cylinder head.the air inlet valve is opened when the piston starts a suction stroke. All valves should be closed during compression unless gases will find the way out and compression will be impossible.ir is compressed to about 480 pounds and its temterature is risen to about 1000 degrees F. The fuel is injected into the cylinder under a pressure of 3550 p.s.i.the gas expands when the piston starts down on the third of expansion stroke.it pushes the cylinder down. The gsses flow out of the cylinder on the exhaust stroke. The four piston stroke require two complete revolutions of the crank

3. 1- compression stroke, 2 - combustion, expansion, scavenging stroke.

4. The principle difference is that in a four stroke cycle there are valves in the cylinder head, and in the two cycle diesel there are ports.

5. In place of air inlet valves there are exhaust ports, in place of exhaust valves there are exhaust ports. The scavenging ports open when the piston on its downward stroke uncovers the exhaust ports and the cylinder pressure drops to atmospheric. The cylinder is full of fresh air when the piston on its up stroke covers the scavenging ports and the exhaust ports are closed. Fuel injection occurs at the end of compression. In a 2-cycle engine one revolution of the crankshaft is required.

VII. .

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1. . 2. ( ). 3. . . 4. .

 

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- 7

 

18.

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: ( ), ( M.A.N), ( B.&W).

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1. .

 

2. :

Two stroke cycle , scavenging air , scavenging ports , exhaust ports , piston head , entering air , burned gases - , upper part of the cylinder , up stroke , cylinder head , spray valve , starting air valve , cross scavenging (Sulzer) , loop scavenging (M.A.N.) , uniflow scavenging (B & W) - , great advantage , removal of combustion products ,

- 8 -

 

 

rotary motion , combustion gases , mixture of air and oil

 

3. .

 

1. Where are scavenging ports placed? 2. Where are the burnt gases swept? 3. Where are the spray valve and starting air valve places? 4. Where are the combustion gases forced out?

 

4. .

 

1. Where is the loop scavenging system used? It is used in MAN engines. 2. Where is the air compressed? The air is compressed in the cylinder. 3. Where is the cross scavenging system used? In Sulzer engines. 4. Where is the entering air deflected? it is deflected upward. 5. Where is the uniflow scavenging system used? In B&W engines. 6. Where is the air admitted through? It is admitted through the scavenging ports.

 

5. . .

 

6. .

 

1. The scavenging air rushes into the cylinder, doesnt it? Yes, it does. 2. The air sweeps the burned gases out, doesnt it? Yes, it does. The scavenging air obtains a rotary motion, doesnt it? Yes, it does.

 

7. . .

 

1. How is the cylinder cleaned? ? 2. How is the cylinder cleaned? ? 3. How is a rotary motion of the scavenging air obtained? ? 4. How is a very even mixture obtained? ?

 

8. in Present Simple.

 

1. When does the pressure in the cylinder fall? 2. When does the scavenging air rush into the cylinder? 3. When does the air sweep the gases out?

 

9. Do you know . .

 

1. Do you know where the uniflow scavenging system is used? 2. Do you know where the loop scavenging system is used? 3. Do you know where the exhaust ports are located? 4. Do you know where the exhaust and scavenging ports are located? 5. Do you know where the spray and starting air valve are placed?

 

10. , . 13.

 

 

- 9 -

 

.

 

I. .

II. 5 .

 

1. The spray valve is placed on the cylinder head. 2. The cyliner is cleaned by sweeping the burnt gases out. 3. The air is admitted through the scavenging ports. 4. The pressure in the cylinder falls before the scavenging ports open. 5. Uniflow scavenging is of greater importance because it requires less surplus air and less scavenging work.

 

III. , . , .

 

C 140 In 2 stroke Diesel . (B & W) .

 

IV. , , .

 

To compare, to ascend, to deflect, to ensure, to admit, to locate, to uncover, to sweep.

 

1. An even mixture of air and oil ensures good combustion. 2. The scavenge air is admitted through scavenging ports. 3. The scavenging ports are located on one side of the cylinder. 4. By the time the scavenging ports are uncovered the pressure in the cylinder has fallen. 5. The entering air is deflected upwards. 6. The burnt gases are swept out of the cylinder. 7. Uniflow scavenging is of greater advantage when compared to the two other systems. 8. The air is ascended through the cylinder without mixing with the combustion gases.





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