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950 . , , . .

S.F., Associated British Combustion Limited. , , , .

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- 1

 

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1. .

2. :

 

Heat engine , moving blades , rotor carrying blades , stationary blades , throttle valve , potential energy , useful work , steam expended , pressure drop , stationary nozzles , maximum velocity , steam jet , impulse turbines , reaction turbines ,decrease in pressure ,

 

- 2 -

 

inrease in velocity , steam flow , increase in diameter in steps , initial pressure , exhaust pressure , intermediate pressure turbines- , 2-casing units - , ship propulsion , single cylinder turbines , compound turbines , axial flow turbine , radial flow turbine , drive connection () , geared units - , turbo electric installation - , condensing turbines - , non condensing turbines .

 

3. .

 

1. The moving blades didnt act as nozzles. 2. The rotors didnt increase in diameter. 3. Expansion in the nozzles didnt produce maximum possible velocity of the steam jet. 4. Expansion didnt take place in the moving blades.

 

4. .

 

1. Did the rotor carry moving blades? 2. Did the steam pass through the throttle valve? 3. Did the engine consist of different parts? 4. Did the impulse of the moving blades cause rotation?

 

5. .

 

Maximum height, minimum width, atmospheric (critical) depth, effective (extreme) length, helpful () use, long (short) axis, extreme (urgent) importance, pleasant (useful) warmth.

 

6. I know there are.

 

1. I know intermediate and high pressure turbines. 2. I know single cylinder turbines and compound. 3. I know tandem-compound and cross-compound turbines. 4. I know axial flow and radial flow turbines. 5. I know geared units and turbo-electric installations. 6. I know condensing and non condensing turbines.

 

7. .

 

1. Steam velocity increases at the exit from the nozzle. 2. Steam pressure and temperature drop in the nozzle. 3. Steam jet impinges against the moving blades. 4. Pressure drops and velocity increases in the nozzle of an impulse turbine. 5. Pressure is constant and velocity decreases on the blades of impulse turbine. 6. Pressure decreases in every step and velocity impulses (increases or decreases) in the reaction turbine. 7. Stationary blades act as moving ones in the reaction turbine. 8. All turbines on ships are condensing.

 

8. , 9.

 

- 3

 

I. .

II. .

 

1. The rotor carries moving blades. 2. The steam passes through stationary nozzles. 3. Various devices are necessary for operation of the turbine unit. 4. The steam expands through the nozzles and the pressure drops. 5. Having passed through the nozzles, the steam jet has maximum possible velocity.6. The steam impinges against the moving blades and causes rotation. 7. As the steam stem passes through the blades of an impulse turbine no expansion takes place. 8. When the steam passes across both the moving blades and the stationary blades in the reaction turbine it drops in pressure. 9. The steam expands from initial to exhaust pressure in the turbine. 10. There may be high, intermediate and low pressure turbines. 11. The 2-casing units predominate for ship propulsion.

 

III. .

 

1. The steam expands in such a way as to produce the maximum possible velocity of the steam jet.

2. The kinetic energy of the jet is converted into useful work by means of moving blades.

3. In impulse turbines while passing through stationary blades the steam decreases in pressure and increases in velocity. 4. The steam impinges against moving blades causing rotation. 5. In reaction turbines, both moving and fixed blades act as nozzles. 6. The rotors increase in diameter in steps with corresponding steps in the casing. 7. The steam expands from initial to exhaust pressure.

 

IV. 9. . .

 

1. A part of the tubine where the live steam enters is a throttle valve. 2. A device in the impulse turbine where the steam expands is the stationary nozzle.3. A device in the impulse turbine where there is no expansion is the shaft. 4. A part of the tuurbine where the steam is leaving is the exhaust. 5. Devices in the reaction turbine where the expansion takes place are stationary nozzles. 6. A device supported by bearings on which the turbine rotates is the shaft. 7. A device which controls the speed of turbine royation is the governor.

 

V. ing

 

Consisting , carrying , casing , bearing , changing , moving , causing , blading - , corresponding , condensing , non-condensing - .

 

VI. :

1.The main parts of a steam turbine are: a rotor, a casing, stationary nozzles. 2. Two steps are required to convert the potential energy of the steam into useful work. 3. During the first step the pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy as the steam expands through the nozzles and the pressure drops. These stationary nozzles expand the steam from a high pressure to a lower pressure in such a way as to produce the maximum velocity of the steam jet 4. During the second step the kinetic energy of the jet is converted into useful work by changing the momentum of the steam by means of moving blades. 5 The basic types of turbines are impulse and reaction ones

 

 

- 4 -

 

5. As to the pressure turbines may be high, intermediate and low pressure ones. 7. The two casing units predominate for ship propultion. 8. As to the steam flow the turbines are axial-flow and radial flow. 9. As to drive connection there are geared units and turbo-electric installations.10. the marine turbines are both condensing and non-condensing.

 

VII. .

 

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- 6 -

 

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1. .

2. :

 

Successive stages , nozzle support - , from stage to stage , made in halves , casing center line , upper half , cast iron , corrosion resisting steel , cast integral , cast steel , inlet edge , outlet edge , available heat () , friction eddies , steam conditions , form of inlet and outlet , length of nozzle , cross section , solid section , convergent nozzles , convergent divergent nozzles , pressure ratio , non expanding nozzles , expanding nozzles , steel forging , solid forged rotors - , built up rotors , high- speed units , low-speed units , finish machined , 3 point contact , blade root

 

3. to be -. .

 

1. Diaphragms are made in valves. 2. Diaphragm halves are held in recesses machined in the casing. 3. The vanes are cast integral with the diaphragm. 4. Nozzles are made of corrosion resisting steel. 5. Solid forged rotors are used for different turbines. 6. Grooves are cut for blading.

 

4. .

1. Must these nozzles be made of special steel or alloy? No, they mustnt. 2. Must those vanes be welded to the diaphragm? No, they mustnt. 3. Must upper halves of diaphragms be lifted with this casing? No, they mustnt. 4. Must these rotors be of solid forged type? No, they mustnt. 5. Must the inlet angle be changed for these steam conditions? No, they mustnt.

 

5. .

 

1. Diaphragms are made of steel plate or cast iron, arent they? , ? 2. These nozzles are welded to the diaphragm, arent

they? , ? 3. Diaphragm s are made in halves, arent they? , ? 4. These vanes are cast integral with the diaphragm, arent they? , ? 5. Those rotors are finish machined, arent they? , ? 6. Blades are of different designs, arent they? , ? 7. Turbine rotors are of various types, arent they? , ?

 

 

- 7

 

6. :

 

1.How are nozzles sometimes built up? 2. How are the corrosion resisting steel vanes cast? 3. How are nozzles machined? 4. How are rotors made? 5. How are rotors made? How are blades fastened to rotor?

 

7. . .

 

1. The journal will be ground. 2. The diaphragm will be split. 3. The nozzle will be built up by vanes. 4. The blade will be installed easily. 5. That diaphragm will be of cast iron. 6. The nozzle will be of corrosion resisting steel.

 

9. Past Simple.

 

1. Did high-speed units use solid forged rotors? 2. Did low-speed units use built-up rotors. 3. Did the methods of fastening the blade to the rotor differ?

 

10. un - dis .

 

safe unsafe / - , common uncommon / - , controlled uncontrolled / , obtainable unabtainable / , available unavailable / , usual unusual / - , equal unequal / -, like dislike / , appear disappear / , arrange disarrange / , arm disarm/ , charge discharge / , close unclose, / , locate dislocate / - .

 

10. :

 

Two hundred and fifty degrees Forengate, five hundred rotations per minute, four hundred and seventy degrees Forengate, two thousand and five hundred rotations per minute, fifty degrees Centigrate, four thousand and two hundred rotations per minute.

 

.

 

I. .

II. 5 .

 

1. There are solid forging and built-up rotors. 2. Vanes are made of corrosion resisting steel. 3. Friction eddies prevent conversion of all the available heat to velocity. 4. Nozzles may be of square, rectangular and round cross sections. 5. Diaphragm is split along the casing centre line.


III. .

 

1. The efficiency of the nozzle is affected by the length of nozzle and smoothness of finish. 2. Types of nozzles depend on the critical pressure. 3. Rotors are made of steel forging. 4. Diaphragms act as nozzle support. 5. Diaphragms are usually made in halves, split along the casing centre line.6.

 

- 8

 

the vanes are cast integral with the diaphragm.7. Diaphragms prevent the passage of steam from stage to stage through the nozzles.


IV. .

 

1. Diaphragms separate turbine stages. 2. Diaphragms are split along the center line. 3. Blades are cast integral with the diaphragm or are welded to it. 4. Steam is expanded in nozzles. 5. Many factors effect the efficiency of the nozzle. 6. Nozzles have different cross sections. 7. Rotors are made of steel forgings. 8. Solid forging rotors are used in high speed turbines. 9. Built up rotors are used in low-speed turbines.10. designs of vanes are different.

 

V. , .

 

1. Diaphragms are used between successive stages in impulse turbines. 2. Each half of the diaphragm is machined in recessses in the casing. 3. The nozzle vanes may be welded to the diaphragm. 4. A nozzle is an orifice with round inlet and outlet edges. 5. A portion of the available heat is converted to velocity. 6. Due to friction eddies or other losses in the nozzle not all the heat is converted to velocity.7. Nozzles are usually made of corrosion resisting steel or other alloy. 8. Nozzles may be of rectangular, square or round cross sections.


VI. .

 

1. Diaphragms are used in impulse turbines. They prevent the passage of steam from stage to stage except through these nozzles. They are msde in halves split along the casing centre line. They may be of cast iron, corrosion resisting steel.

2. A nozzle is an orifice with rounded inlet and outlet edges. stem expands converting a portion of the available heat to kinetic energy or velocity. The efficiency of the nozzle is affected by the conditions of the steam,form of inlet and outlet, length of nozzle, smoothness of finish. Nozzles are made of corrosion resisting steel and other alloys. They have square, rectangular or round cross sections. Nozzles are convergent or convergent divergent type depending upon the critical pressure ratio.

3. There are solid forged rotors and built-up rotors. Solid forged rotors are used for high speed units. Built up rotors are used for low-speed turbines.

4. All dlading are of didderent design. T root, inverted T root, dove tail and serrated root. The general contact between the blade root and groove is known as 3 point contact.

 

VII. .

 

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1. .

2. :

Articulated reduction gear , turbine ships . , main turbines , reduction gear , to drive the propeller , electrical transmission , flexible coupling , gear set , toothed wheels , rotary motion , slow turning propellers , speed reduction , double reduction gear unit , conventional practice , hull distortion , thermal expansion , pinion shaft , turbine coupling , solid coupling , to drive the auxiliaries , driving units , slight misalignment , pipe strains , propulsion turbines , claw coupling .

- 10 -

 

3. :

1. How do gears transmit rotary motion and torque from one shaft to another?

2. How do shafts rotate?

3. How do turbines drive the propellers?

4. How do turbines minimize the hull distortion?

 

4. less - in .

 

To harm harmless / , to end endless / , to air airless/ , to water waterless / , to time timeless / , to smoke smokeless / , to shape shapeless / , to weigh weightless / .Sufficient insufficient / , active inactive / , different indifferent / , direct indirect / , exact inexact / , attntive inattntive / , complete incomplete / .

 

.

 

I. .

II. , .

1. Double reduction gear provides the necessary speed reduction. 2. Flexible couplings are fitted between the turbines and the gear sets when main turbines drive the propellers through mechanical reduction gears. 3. Different couplings are used for propulsion turbines. 4. Double reduction gear controls speed reduction. 5. Gears transmit rotary motion from one shaft to another.

 

III. .

 

1. Marine turbines operate at speeds randing between 3,000 and 10,000 r.p.m.2. Main turbines drive the propellers by electrical transmission. 3. For propulsion turbines different couplings are used. 4. Some slight misalignment is permitted after installation. 5. Large turbines drive the propeller through reduction gears. 6. Solid couplings are used for small units. 7. This turbine is mounted onto a solid foundation. 8. Couplings prvide for slight thermal expansion of various parts. 9. This type is known as the articulated gear. 10. Turbines are connected to large, slow turning propellers. 11. Gears transmit the rotary motion from one shaft to another. 12. Flexible couplings are employed between the turbines and gear sets.





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