V. Բ .
ί Ͳ.
Բ
1.
:
L = m vn rn = nħ (n = 1,2,3,...), (6.1)
m , rn , vn , n , ħ ij: ħ = h /2p, h .
, :
e = ħw = hn = , (6.2)
w , n , 㳿 n 1 n 2, n 2 n 1. :
(6.3)
Ei .
, n - :
(6.4)
, , :
, (6.5)
R' г (R' = 1,10×10 1).
, (6.5) :
(6.6)
= 3,29×1015 1 г.
:
(6.7)
Z 뺺.
1. .
'
n r n vn ' (6.1) . , ' r n ν n, , , 䳺 . , , e, :
, (1)
m , . ' (1) (6.1), :
ϳ n = 1 , :
r 1 = 0,53×1010 , ν 1= 2,2×106 /.
2. .
'
U i , , . i , , ' = eU i,
i = eU i (1)
㳿 , , i 㳿 hn, , n = ¥. (6.6) n = 1, n = ¥, :
(2)
(1) (2) 13,6 B.
U 1 , , . . eU 㳿 hn, , n 1 = 1, n 2 = 2, :
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,
13,6 B = 10,2 B.
3. e , ( ) .
'
, (6.6):
n 1 = 1,2,3,... , , n 2 , , n 2 = n 1 +1, n 1 +2, n 1 +3,... n 1+ m,...; m . n 1 = 3; m = 2, n 2 = n 1 + m = 3+2= 5. ϳ , :
e = 0,97 .
4. , n = 2, 9 .
'
Z = 3, , 䳺 , . :
, (1)
R¢ г, Z , n .
. r n :
, (2)
q = e , m , e , e 0 , v .
,
, .
ϳ (2), r n:
, , ,
(1) , :
= 6,58×1015 c1.
2.
l min :
, U ; h .
:
, (6.9)
l , R г (R =3,29×1015 1), Z , , s .
a (s = 1, n 1 = 1, n 2 = 2):
(6.10)
(6.10')
:
, (6.11)
n , C ( a C = 3/4).
:
,
n (6.10), (6.11).
' ', . , , , . , l min, . , l min 㳿 W , . dz W l min . , , 㳿 , 㳿. :
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,
j 0 , W. , :
.
h.
, , , . , - -. ( ) , L, , N n 1 (1.8), 1,2,3,4. n 2
n 2 = n 1+ N, N . ˳ a, b, g,... , - Kb; n 1 = 1, n 2 = 1+2 = 3.
' s, : s = 1 a s > 1 -. s : s 1 s 0,75 L.
5. , U = 30 .
'
, , . . , , , 䳺 㳺 Wk, , ,
Wk = eU, (1)
e . . , Wk .
(1):
. (2)
(1) (2) :
= 0,41×1010 .
6.
(Z = 42). , , ' - .
'
1, , , . , .
(n = 1) L (n = 2), M (n = 3) .. - , -. - ( , ), L, M, .. .
̳ , - , . , 㳿 e = hn. . , :
(1)
ϳ (1) n 1 = 1, n 2 = ¥ s = 1 , e', :
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(2)
, , .
e' , 䳺 㳺 eU. г U ,
eU min = e '. (3)
(3) (2) :
23 .
7. a , .
'
, . , , . ( ) . , (L, M, N). L a . :
ϳ Z (Z = 74) R '= 1,1×107 1, :
la = 2,28 ×1011.
, :
54,4 .
³, a :
.
ί Ͳ
3.
, ' , :
) (v << c, = m0v, m0 )
, (6.12)
h ; = m 0 v .
) , v
,
:
. (6.13)
l :
)
; (6.14)
)
, (6.15)
0 ( = m 0 c 2).
:
a) Dx Dp ³ ħ ( ), (6.16)
D ; Dx x; ;
) DE Dt ³ ħ ( 㳿 ), (6.17)
DE 㳿; Dt .
' . , , . , , , , , :
.
ʳ 㳺 W = mc 2 㳺 W 0 = m 0 c 2:
.
³, , , .
' , (D, Dp), (DE,Dt) ( ), : l, , p ( ' 㳿 ). : 1) l, , Dx = l; p, , Dp p;
2) , :
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l min= (Dx)min, p min= (Dp)min.