.. , ..
2003
621.378.1+621.383.4
32.86
40
.., - ,
24 24.06.2003.
.
.., ..
40 . .
: , 2003. - 129 .
ISBN
, .
, , , . .
621.378.1 + 621.383.4
32.86
ISBN
ã .., .., 2003 .
ã , 2003 .
, (, , ), .
, 1916 . . , - .
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() , - , , , .
. . , , , .
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1. . 10-3 , 105 (l=c ), .. , .
2. ( <10-11 ).
3. .
4. .
0,01% ( - ) 75% ( ), 0,1-1 %.
. , . , (, 2- ), , . . . . , , , .
.
(, ). , ( ) , .
, . , .
, , - .
, : , .
I , .
, . (l =0,38-0,76 ), (l =0,01-0,38 ) (l =0,78-100 ) .
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. , :
[ E ]=rot E =
[ H ]=rot H = (1.1) , D, , B ( (1.1) ). D B E H ( ):
D= ε0e E, B= μ0m H, (1.2) e , m - , e0 , m0 . (1.1) ( ): (1.3) (1.3) , (1.4) , , :
(1.5)
= - . m=1, n= : (1.5)
, , : r=(1/2)ε0e E2+ (1/2)μ0m H2= ε0e E2. (1.6)
rn : (1.7)
- (1.8)
, .
(1.9)
, , , E =hn, p= h k .
F=I/(hn)=ru/(hn) (1.10)
[ hn ]=, [ F ]=1/(2 ).
.
( , ) , E1,E2,..En . . , -. , , . , , .
, . , , ( gi.) .
, N0 (), . .
, i, Ni. :
(1.11)
, k , gi , , i- i . (1.11) , , .. N0 .
(1.11) 1 , (.1.1). : (1.12)
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g1= g2=1 (1.12) : (1.12)
.1.1 . |
, i j . i > j , (Ei-Ej), i < j - . . () :
hnij= i - j (1.13)
1.3
, , 1 2 (.1.2), E1 E2 N1 N2.
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. 1.2. .
: , .
, . .
( ) 2 t=0, , 1, () hn21=(E2-E1) (.1.2). , , , . , .. (dw21)=A21dt, (1.14)
21 , [A21]=1/c.
, t 2 N2. 21 , , ..
(dN2/dt)=-A21N2. (1.15)
, , , .. 1 2 .
, . (n=ν21=(E2-E1)/h) , 1 2, () hn (.1.2).
(E2-E1) , , . , (dN1/dt)=W12N1=rnB12N1, (1.16)
N1 1, W12=rvB12 , rv , 12 .
W12 :
W12=s12F, (1.17)
F , s12 , , [s12]= 2.
, 2 n=n21. , 2 1. (E2-E1) , . () .
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: (dN2/dt)=W21N2=rnB21N2, (1.18)
N2 2, W21=rvB21 , B21- . : W21=s21F, (1.19)
s21 2→1.
. , . , , . , .
, , . . , , , , . , E2 E1 n21=(E2-E1)/h. , E1E2 .
(1.15) N2(t=0)=N20 : N2(t)=N20exp(-A21t). (1.20)
hν21 :
P=hν21 A21 N2 (t)V=P0exp(-A 21t) (1.21)
P0=hn21 A21 N20 V, V .
. , 2 t t+Dt, , t. N2A21Dt. :
(1.22)
(1.22) :
(1.21 )
t , , (1.21 ).