, , , , - () 1989 .
. 6.
. , , 0,0154 / (Visek et al., 1953, Hansard et al., 1957). 0,031 / (Martz et al., 1990). () .
. , , . - (1991) , . :
(/) = 9.83 ("22) ( ■"")) ,
"" = (); ""■" = , ; = (/).
. 190- , . . , House Bell (House and Bell, 1993) 190- :
(/) = 0,02456 <|><15581 """"7-1
._ 0^456 |"""|<| """"7-|)|.(,-
t .
. , , , . 1,22 / , 1,45 - 1,37 - . 2,1 .
. , .
. . , , , . , , , . : . , . (NRC) (1978, 1989) , . 0.38 ,19R9 . 0.45 , 1978 ., . 1989 . , (Van't Klooster, 1976; Ramberg, 1974) . , . 0,38 , , 11 , 38 (Hibbs and Conrad, 1983). 11 , 20 -40 . 40. , . (1NRA) (1989) 30 - 35%. , (1996), 50%. 1980 . ---- 68%, , . , . , , ( ) 68%. , (1980) . 68, (AFRC, 1991).
|
|
17
, . , . Martz et al., 1990, , . 33% , 39% 21,5% . 24% , 41,5% 29% . , NRC (1978) , 1989 . , , 25%, -42%. Wardet al., (1972) 31 - 41%. 20 - 30% , (Ward et al., 1979).
|
|
Hibbs and Conrad (1983), , , , , 8 - 37%. , . 30% .
. , , (Soares, 1995). . . , , , , 30%. , . , 60%, , , , ( ). . , , 7 - 9% . 80% . , 80% .
Oltjen (1975), ,
,
.
Rahnema et al. (1994),
.
. , ,
, Mg ,
.
(. 9),
,
.
(Hansard et al.. 1957). , ,
.
.
""CaCI,
>95% (Hansard et al.,
1954).
95%.
45 -51% (Hansard et al.. 1957) 85%(Goetsch
and Owens, 1985). ,
. Hansard et al.,(1957) ,
1 1,2 - 1,32 , f
. f
75%. j
- f
. 15-4 }
( '
) \
; , - :
Soares (1995a) ;
. , i
, ■
70%. ■
|
|
, , . Hansard et al.,(1954) and Horst et al., (1978) , . , . D- (Horst et al.. 1990). , , 1,25- D. Hansard et al..(1954)y 1 - 6 .
18
. 6.
200 . 100 90% (. , 10).
(Ellenberger et al., 1971; Ramberg, 1974). 6 - 8 (Hibbs and Conrad, 1983; Ellenberger et al., 1931). 10 (Ramberg, 1974) (Goff et al., 1996). Ramberg (1974) , 1,55 10- . Van't Klooster (1976) , 22% 36% 8 . 1,6 . Ward et al.,(1972) , 5 / , . , , , . Ellenberger et al.,(1931) 800 1300 20-30 . 8 /, , . .
|
|
: , , , >7:1 < 1:1 (Miller, 1983;), 1980).
. D , . . () , -
. (Becker et al., 1933).
- . 1% (Miller, 1983). 1.8% - (Beede et al., 1991). ( ) . , , , . , , .
, . .
, . 80% . . , - ( , ). - , . , . 1,3 2,6 / ( 4 8 /; 6 8 / 4 - 6 / - ). 1 2 600 . - 6 - 8 . 5 - 8 600 . 25 / (78 /), 600
119
155 (Goff, 1998a).
(Burroughs et al., 1951) (Brevers and Schrockr, 1991). Durand Komisarczuk (1988) , , 5 ( ) . 0,12% , 200 /. , (20 - 80 /) in vitro (Hall et al., 1961; Chicco et al., 1965). , .