Swanson (1977) . ( ^2.75 "-", = ) (NRC, 1989). , . , 0.67 (NRC, 1989), 4.1 0-50.
Swanson (1977) ( = 0.2 "'*, = ) . 0.67, 0.3 '"'". NRC (1989) () , () (.. , / = 90 , /). - , , (). (Swanson, 1982). , . . . Waldo and Glenn (1984) 0.029 Conrad et al.,(1960).
, Boekholt (1976) 0.033. , Holter and Reid (1959) 0.034. , , . , Swanson (1977) () , 70 . 10% , 4.7 / (29.4 / ). : (/) = 30 (). , , (Swanson (1982). . Mason (1979) , 30% 70% . , . , . , Mason and White (1971) 2,6- (), : . . ! , 80% , . 30% , up . norej: , , , (Mason et al.,198l). -CL , . , 50% , : . (' : [( () 30) - 0.50 (( /0.80) - )].
|
|
, , , up 0.67. , /0.67. , m (/) :
68
. 5.
"'" () 30) - 0.50 (( /0.8) - ( ) +)H.ioi /0.67.
, . (, , ) , . . (Bell et al.,1995) (NRC. 1989). , , , , 25 . Bell et al.,(1995) , NRC 1989 . Bell et al..(1995) , 190 270 . . 714 . . () Bell et al.,(1995), , , . , () , 0.33. - , , , 190 , , , 190 . F.cjiii 190 279 , () :
|
|
= (18 ■+■ (( - 190) 0.665)) ( / 45)
= , = .
()
= 665 ( / 45). - (((0.69 ) - 69.2) (/45)) / .
, , 279 , 279
.
, . (/) : - , / ( / 100). , 0.67. 61 206 ( 5-2). . , 30.9 / ( 18.8 44.0 ). , , , 16.1% ( 13.8 20.8%). 10.9% ( 7.8 14.7%) 5.2% ( 2.8 8.9%). . () : , / = (1 / 0.67) 1000.
(NRC, 1996). (411. .-) (), (). : = 0, = (268 - (29.4 ( / ))). ( < = 478 ), () -(83.4 - (0.114 )) /100, = 0.28908. / () - .
(), , , . , , . , ,. Lobley, (1992).
, (, , ) L- . , . , DL- . D- .
6,
D- L-, , , (Baker, 1994). D- L- - - DL-. Titgemeyer and Merchen (1990a) , DL- L-. , Campbell et al.,(1996) , D- , L- . Doyle (1981) and Reis et al., (1989) , D- , L-.
|
|
20 , , 10 , () . (Apr), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), () (). , , , , , (Apr ) , , . , () , , (Heger and Frydrych. 1989). , , . , , () () . , , . .
. . , Black et al.,(1957) and Downes (1961) , , . , . , , (Schwab etal.,1982)
(Oldham et al., 1979; Schwab et al.. 1 976). . Fraser et al.,(1491 , , ( + ). Schwab et al.,(1976! , , , , 1 . , , , , , , . , . (NRC, 1998) (NRC, 1994).
, . , , , . , , . , . , . , , 50% , , 50% + (NRC. 1994, NRC. 1998). , , / . , , , , / . Ahmed and Bergen (1983) , 58/ , i . , ! / . Pruekvimolphan et al.,(1997) : , , , , , .
|
|
/ . + 1 5-4. / , , 50 50% + , . , , -
70
. 5.
/ . , / , , , . Rae and Ingalls (1984), , (1 7% ) , .
, , (Rae et al.,1983; Sidhu and Ashes, 1977). Rae and Ingalls (1984), . , , . Bruckental et al..(1991) , .
. , 40-50%. (Meijer et al.,1993. 1995). , , , , . , , . (Meijer and van der Koelen, 1994).
5-4.
( ) ( L -) -t- ! .
" | |||||
- | |||||
. | |||||
' | |||||
- | |||||
- | |||||
- | |||||
- | |||||
- | |||||
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f | , | ||||
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1! | |||||
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- | |||||
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|
|
'' Martin et al.,(1996): Storm and Orskov (1983). " 15-2, . -+ , Degussa (Fickler et al.. 1 996); , . (NRC, 1998). ( ) , : 1) (11.6 22.3%. ), (3.5 12.6%. ) (Fickler et at.. 1996; Storm and Orskov, 1983), 2) , , (Clark et al.. 1975. 1978: lllg et al..l987) ) , (Clark et al.. 1978; Mepham and Linzell. 1967; Mezl and Knox.1977). - . , (Neu et al.,1996). , , , . . , (Young and El-Khoury, 1995). , , . , , - .
, , , , . . , , , . . , . , , , . , , .
, . . - () - () , . (Abe et al.,1997, 1998). , . , , (Abe et al.. 1997). (Abe et al.,1997; Burris et al.. 1976; Hill et al.,1980) (King et al.,1991; Polan et al., 1991; Schwab et al,1992a), . , , - (Donahue et al.. 19X5; Schwab et al.. 1982). (Hopkins et al.,1999; Klemesrud and Klopfenstein, 1994; lusby, 1994; Robert et al.,1999) (Armentano et al., 1997; Rulquin and Delaby, 1997; Robert et al.. 1 994; Schingoethe et al,.1988). . , . , , , ( 5-5). , - , (Schwab et al.. 1976) (Rulquin. 1987). , , . -, (Richardson and Hatfield, 1978; Titgemeyer and Merchen, 1990b) (Richardson and Hatfield, 1978) . -, , , ( 5-5). , , ( 5-5).
72
. 5.
5-5. , ( % )
Apr | i it | ." | |||||||||
1 | 16.8 | 6.3 | 7.1 | 17.0 | 16.3 | 5.1 | 8.9 | 9.9 | 2.5 | 10.1 | |
: | 7.2 | 5.5 | 11.4 | 19.5 | 16.0 | 5.5 | 10.0 | 8.9 | 3.0 | 13.0 | |
' | 10.2 | 4.0 | 11.5 | 16.3 | 15.8 | 5.2 | 10.2 | 11.7 | 2.7 | ||
*1 | 10.6 | 4.3 | 11.6 | 15.5 | 17.3 | 4.9 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 2.6 | 12.2 | |
1 |" | 9.3 | 3.6 | 12.7 | 15.8 | 20.6 | 4.2 | 10.7 | 10.5 | 2.8 | - | |
1' " | |||||||||||
12.5 | 4.7 | 10.3 | 17.9 | 12.4 | 3.8 | 11.6 | 10.6 | 3.6 | 12.7 | 41.2 | |
10.9 | 4.7 | 11.1 | 17.9 | 12.1 | 3.8 | 11.7 | 10.7 | 2.7 | 14.1 | ||
' | 6.2 | 5.7 | 10.6 | 27.2 | 7.9 | 4.8 | 12.1 | 10.1 | i.4 | 14.1 | 35 6 |
11.7 | 4.9 | 10.0 | 18.8 | 10.5 | 3.9 | 11.8 | 10.9 | 3.7 | 13.6 | 33.1 | |
9.4 | 5.1 | 10.9 | 18.8 | 10.1 | 3.7 | 13.4 | 10.2 | 3.3 | 15.0 | 32.6 | |
" | |||||||||||
13.4 | 6.1 | 9.2 | 18.5 | 9.6 | 4.5 | 13.5 | 9.1 | 3.1 | 13.0 | 37.7 | |
, | 11.5 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 27.9 | 7.1 | 5.3 | 11.5 | 8.8 | 1.8 | 10.0 | 40 1 |
10.9 | 8.3 | 8.8 | 25.4 | 7.7 | 4.5 | 10.4 | 9.8 | 1.6 | 12.6 | 35.4 | |
16.6 | 5.9 | 9.1 | 17.7 | 10.1 | 4.2 | 12.5 | 8.4 | 2.9 | 12.6 | 41.2 | |
9.4 | 5.7 | 9.3 | 31.9 | 5.4 | 4.2 | 12.3 | 7.8 | 2.5 | 11.6 | ||
13.6 | 7.1 | 9.6 | 19.3 | 8.1 | 4.6 | 13.3 | 8.4 | 3.5 | 12.3 | ||
" | |||||||||||
, . | 14.7 | 5.1 | 9.8 | 20.0 | 10.4 | 4.3 | 11.7 | 9.1 | 2 s | 12.1 | 39.2 |
16.5 | 6.6 | 9.0 | 15.9 | 13.2 | 4.4 | 9.5 | 10.4 | 3.4 | ! 1.1 | 42.6 | |
DG . | 10.7 | 6.6 | 9.8 | 25.4 | 5.9 | 4.8 | 12.9 | 9.1 | ■i ^ | 12.4 | 37.8 |
. | 7.1 | 4.7 | 9.1 | 37.2 | 3.7 | 5.2 | 14.1 | 7.5 | 10.3 | ||
26.0 | 6.6 | 7.3 | 13.8 | 9.7 | 3.7 | 12.5 | 7.6 | 2.8 | 10.0 | 42.6 | |
20.9 | 4.8 | 11.0 | 14.5 | 8.7 | 4.2 | 11.1 | 8.9 | 3.7 | 12.3 | 42.2 | |
27.6 | 6.0 | 8.1 | 15.9 | 8.3 | 2.9 | 12.1 | 6.7 | 2.4 | 9.8 | 40.1 | |
22.4 | 6.5 | 7.3 | 16.7 | 8.1 | 3.7 | 11.7 | 7.1 | 3.6 | 12.9 | 39.0 | |
16.2 | 6.1 | 10.1 | 17.2 | 13.9 | 3.2 | 11.6 | 8.7 | 2.8 | 10.2 | 45.3 | |
20.8 | 6.2 | 9.9 | 15.2 | 8.0 | 5.6 | 11.0 | 8.7 | 2.9 | 11.7 | 42.2 | |
" | |||||||||||
7.S | 11.3 | 2.2 | 22.7 | 15.9 | 2.1 | 12.1 | 7.7 | 2.8 | 15.4 | 56.4 | |
16.2 | 2.7 | 11.4 | 19.9 | 6.0 | 1.8 | 11.6 | 11.1 | 1.7 | 17.6 | 42.7 | |
, . | 13.1 | 6.4 | 9.2 | 16.2 | 17.2 | 6.3 | 9.0 | 9.4 | 2.4 | 10.8 | 44.5 |
19.5 | 5.3 | 7.7 | 17.2 | 14.5 | 3.9 | 9.4 | 9.1 | 1.6 | 1 1.8 | 35.7 | |
, . | 5.0 | 4.5 | 12.1 | 21.2 | 17.6 | 3.3 | 7.0 | 14.1 | 3.5 | 1 1 "? | 42.2 |
1- , 3-. 2- , 3-
.
2- , 61 . 4- , 62
.
5- 15 . 6- , . 7- - .
(Hopkins et al.,1990; Robert et al., 1999; Veira et al., 1991) (Abe et al.. 1997. 1998; Campbell et al.,1996, 1997; Donahue et al.. 1985; Schwab et al., 1982). , , .
Rulquin and Verite. 1993; Schwab 1995b, 1996a; Garthwaite et al.. 1998). (Piepenbnnk et al., 1999; Nocek et al.,1999; Sniffen et al., 1999a. b; Freeden et al.,1999: Rode et al.,1999; Wu et al..l999: Nichols et aL1998: Rulquin and Delaby, 1997) : 1) , , , . 2) , 3) , 4) , Rulquin et al.,1993; Schwab 1996a; Sloan et al., 1998), 5) -
7-
, , 6) . , (14-18%), . , , , Chapoutot et al.,(1992). 40 - . , 23 / 7 / . , 37 . 31 - 16 - .
, , . (Socha et al., 1994b) (Brunschwig et al., 1995; Yang et al., 1986) (Bremmer et al.,1997; Canale et al.,1990; Rogers et al.,1987; Xu et al.,1998) - . , , , (Varvikko et al., 1999). , . , (0, 3.3, 7.0, 10.5 1 6.0 / , , , (3.73, 3.86, 3.78, 3.91 4.15) (3.00, 3.07. 3.09. 3.13, 3.15) (Socha et- al.,1994b). , , , (Socha et al., 1994c) (Socha et al.,1994), , .
, . - . Pisulewski et al.,(1996), , - . Christensen et al.,(1994) , - . (Casper et al.,1987; Chow et al.,1990; Karunanandaa et al.,1994; Kowalskii et al., 1999; Rulquin and
74
Delaby, 1997; Varvikko et al., 1999). - (). , - , , (Bauchart et al., 1996). ■ . (), , . , . , (Sharma and Erdman, 1988) (Sharma and Erdman. 1988. 1989; Erdman. 1994). . , . , , (Auboiron et al., 1995; Durand et al., 1992). , (Auboiron et al., 1995; Chillard et al.,1994) (Pisulewsci et al., 1996; Rulquin and Delaby, 1997). , , , , , , .
, , . , Fraser et al.,(1991) , , . , (Schwab et al., 1976; Rulquin at al.,1987). Rulquin (1987) , . Schwab et al.,(1976) 5 I , j j . , , . Nichols et al.,(1998) and Piepenbrink et al.,(1999) , 3- , . , (Nichols et al.,1998; Piepenbrink et al., 1999; Liu et al.,2000),
. 5.
, , , . , .
, , , . . (13.7 /) , 159 , ii'i (12.3% ), . , (178 /) (112 /) , . (544 ) 15.3% - , , (Vicini et al.,1988). Vanhatalo et al.,(1999) , , , , . 56% , 18% , 18% , 6.7% 1.3% - . 6.5 / (23.6 22.9 /) (721 695 /), . 6.0 / 19.0 i 6.5 / . , , , Vanhatalo et al.,(1999) : 1) , 2) (. 5-5) 3) . Mackle et al.,{1999) , 16.2% ( , , ) (55.5, 39.0 55.5 / , . ). Hopkins et al.,(1994) (46.1, 31.4, 38.3 25.0 / , , , ) 2- , , (13.6% ), 15 22.4% (- ), . , , . , , 4 C||S, ] ,
, (Clark et al.. 1978; Nichols et al.,]998; Piepenbrink et al.. 1999) , (Mepham, 1982; Wohlt et al.,1977).
, . , (, ) (, , ), , . . , . : 1) , 2) ( , , ) , 3) , , 4) . : . . , , , , . . , , , . , , , , , . . () (O'Connor et al.,1998) , Rulquin et al.,(1998). , - (NRC, 1996) -
. Rulquin et al.,(1998), , (1989) , , , . . (NRC, 1996) Rulquin et al.,(1998) . (NRC, 1996) (O'Connor et al.,1993). , , (O'Connor et al.,1993). Rulquin et al.,(1998) , (66 ), . , , . (NRC. 1996) Rulquin et al.,(1998) .
. , , . , , 200 ( 12 9 ), O'Connor et al.,(1993) , . . Rulquin et al.,(1998). 133 49 . - (/100 ) : (+ 5.6%), (+ 0.9%), (- 1.5%), (- 5.8%), (- 4.7%), (+12.3%), (- 0.2%), (+ 0.4%), (+ 0.8%). , . . , (.. ) (.. ) () , , .
,
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199 .
155
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15 57 ; 1
15 . I
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76
. 5.
199 199 , 191 717 . 3.6 26.7 . , , , 5-6. 0 86% ( = 46%), 8.5 29.6% ( = 16.2%,) 2.2 11.9% ( = 5.5%). , , 5-7. 199 , . , , ( 1.0 ).
, ( ) , . ■> . 3 ; .
=
1 ( 0.001) (5-3)
= ,
, ;
= ,
, ;
=
, /100 ;
= , /100 ; = , /100 .
= + +
+ + +■
- + ■+■
+ (5-4)
= !
, ;
=
100 (/) (5-5)
: = , , /100 . , , . , , (Ralquin and Verite'. I 993). , , , (Schwab, 1996b; Socha. 1994).
, ( ) .
5-6- 199 , .
,% | " .0 | ||||||||
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i | |||||||||
8-5 |
: 2016-12-03; !; : 861 | : : : , . |
: 0.082 .