..
I
2012
54(075.8)
24
:
, . . .. .
:
- , - , , . .
, . . , .. .
. .. , 11 21.05.2012 .
. .
: / . . . . 2012. 259 .
, . : - , , .
Ó . ., 2012
Ó . .. , 2012
- , ( ) . 47 , ~ 98% , .
: , , .
: (, , , , .) .
(, ), .
, , . .
- , .
. .
, .
; .
- , . 117 : 89 ( ), . , , . . , , , , .
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- , Z N , .
- , . A = Z + N.
- , :
Cu | Cu | Cl | Cl | |
Z | ||||
A |
- () ( - , . ). , . .
( ) , : 4, (NH4)2SO4, Na2CO3 10H2O.
() . , , , 2, - 242.
( ) . () , (26):
,
() , . . ,
- , , : 2 , 3 - . .
C .
. , , . , . , (, , ), , (). (Cl-) (Na+). NaCl, . (IV) , , , :
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. (IV) c SiO2.
1/12 12C - .
1 .. = 1/12m (12C) = 1,6605710-24
(Ar) - , ( ) 1/12 12C. .. .
(m) , ...
Ar(Mg) = 24,312
m (Mg) = 24,312 1,66057 10-24 = 4,037 10-23
(Mr) - , , 1/12 12C.
Mr = mr / (1/12 m(12C))
mr - ;
m(12C) - 12C.
Mr = Σ Ar(). .
, ... , - .
, . (, , ). n, . - , , 12 12. 6,021023 ( NA).
1 ... 1/12 12, ... 12 1/12 = m (1...) NA = 1,6605710-24 6,021023 = 1 .
( ) , (/).
, , :
(/) = Mr ( ),
1 6,021023 ( - -1) :
M = NAm(1 ) = NAMr1/12m (12C) = (NA1,6605710-24 )Mr = Mr
:
M = m / n
.
2,0013 ?
, 4,0026 /. 2,0013 :
n() = m() / M() = 2,0013 / 4,0026 / = 0,5
(), NA:
N() = n()NA = 0,56,021023 = 3,011023
, , , , 80 ... (SO3), 80 . , . ( , , ... ). , : 2Na + Cl2 = 2NaCl, , , , .
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(, ) (F) :
F = NA∙ e =6,0221023 1,60210-19 = 9,647 104 -1
, , , . (.., 1748 .; ., 1789 .)
- : , (.. - , ). , . , .
20 (., 1905 .), , , , . ΔE Δm ΔE = Δmc2, - . , 1 ~10-11 Δm . , Δ ~106 , , Δm .
, . .
:
1. , () (), "+" "→":
N2O → N2 + O2
2. , :
2N2O = 2N2 + O2
.
( ) . - . (h) (mp) (m), .
h = (mp / m)100%
, 100% ( ).
1. 16 , 82% ?
CuO + H2 = Cu + H2O
: 80 (1 ) CuO 64 (1 ) Cu; 16 CuO Cu
64 80
16
= (16 64)/80 = 12,8
, 82% :
12,8 100% ()
82%
X = (12,8 82) / 100 = 10,5
2. , 20,8 20,8 ?
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BaCl2 + Na2SO4 = BaSO4 + 2NaCl
, , , . , . (M (BaCl2) 208 /, M (Na2SO4) 132 /). , : m (Na2SO4) X.
208 (1) BaCl2 132 (1 ) Na2SO4; 20,8
X = (20,8 132) / 208 = 13,2 Na2SO4
, 20,8 BaCl2 13,2 Na2SO4, 20,8 . , BaCl2, .
BaSO4. 208 (1 ) BaCl2 233 (1 ) BaSO4; 20,8 Y
Y = (233 20,8) / 208 = 23,3
2.2
.
2Cu + O2 = 2CuO
Cu2O + 1/2O2 = 2CuO
, .
.
CuS - . m(Cu): m(S) = Ar(Cu): Ar(S) = 64: 32 = 2: 1
(CuS) 2: 1.
, .
, 4 1 , 2 , . . .
, , , . (., 1803 .)
N2O N2O3 NO2(N2O4) N2O5
, , 1: 3: 4: 5.
" , , , , ". (-, 1808 .)
. , .
1.
2NO + O2 = 2NO2
(II) 2 , .. 1 .
2. :
N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3
; 2 - 2 .
(1811 .)