.
.
.
(0C = 273,15 , 1 = 101,3 ) 1 22,4 .
1.
.. 3,6 ?
.
2Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2
54 (2 ) HCl 67,2 (3 ) ; 3,6 .
X = (3,6 67,2) / 54 = 4,48
2.
2,5 2 ( ..). .
.
(), , 22,4
2 떖2,5
22,4 /
X = (2,5 22,4)/2 = 28 /
(n) - : -, , -, , :
P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 / T2
,
P = const (P1 = P2)
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 ( -);
= const (T1 = T2):
P1V1 = P2V2 ( -);
V = const
P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 ( ).
-
, -:
pV= (m / M) RT
m - ; M - ; p - ; V - ; T - (); R - (8,314 /( ) 0,082 /( )).
m / M , - .
.
17C 250 (IV) 132 ?
.
CO2 :
n(CO2) = m(CO2) / M(CO2) = 132 / 44 = 3
CO2 ..
3 22,4 = 67,2
- -:
(P V) / T = (P0 V0) / T0
V(CO2) = (P0 T V0) / (P T0) = (101,3 (273 + 17) 67,2) / (250 273) = 28,93
, 1 ( ) 1 .
DA(B) = ρ(B) /ρ(A) = M(B) / M(A)
, :
M = (m1 +.... + mn) / (n1 +.... + nn) = (M1 V1 +.... Mn Vn) / (n1 +.... + nn)
1.
17. (.=29).
.
D(H2) = M- / M(H2)
- = 2 D(H2) = 34
D(.) = M- / M(..) = - / 29 = 34 / 29 = 1,17
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2.
, , 15, 50 35% .
.
D( ) = M / M. = / 29
M = (15 28 + 50 40 + 35 44) / 100 = (420 + 2000 + 1540) / 100 = 39,6
D( ) = M / 29 = 39,6 / 29 = 1,37
1.2.3
(, ), . : , ,
= 1 + 2 +.. +
, , . , - , , .
: , 11,2 .. 4 2, 14 56 N2.
- , :
(2) = (m/M)RT/V = (4/2/)8,31273/0,01123 = 4105 ,
() = (14/28/)8,31273/0,01123 = 105 ,
(N2) = (56/28/)8,31273/0,01123 = 4105 .
:
= (2) + () + (N2) = 9105
,
= ∙ ,
- %.
: 2, 10 3 , 21.%
2 :
(2) = 1,013∙10521%/100% = 0,2127105.
, -:
m(O2) = PVM/RT = (0,212710510332/)/8,31273 = 3010 = 3,01 .
, , .. , 22,4 .
1 1 (, 1 - 18 (0,018 ), 1 - 22,4 ) .
, , () .
, :
2 + 2 = 22
, , 3 (2 1 2), 2 2. , 3 (22,43=67,2 ) 2 (22,42=44,8 ), V> V. , ( ), ( ).
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2 + = 2
2 . 1 2. 1 < 2, ( ).
, " " , () :
;
;
;
.
.
: .
- , ():
) + - - ; ) (- ); ) , ) , .
(M.) , .. (6,02 . 1023).
(..)
V. = 22,4/Z /..
(n.) (m) (M) (V) (V.): n. = m/M. = V/V. (..).
f. , , + - , . , , : . = . f..
: z = 1/f.. : . = 
(/..) : V. = VM/Z (/..) : V.= 22,4/Z
, f. = z = 1, . , : HF, HCl, HBr, HI, LiOH, NaOH, KOH, LiF, NaCl, KBr.
, , , ( )
() = /( 2);
X+mOY-2 :
Z = շm, Xm -1, 1 Z = 2Y, 2Y-1, 1;
() = / ;
X+m(O-)Y :
Z = շm, Xm -1, 1 Z = Y, Y-1, 1;
() = / ;
YX-m :
Z = շm, Xm -1, 1 Z = Y, Y-1, 1;
() = /( ).
Y+nX-m :
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Z = շm, Xm -1, 1 Z = Yn, Yn-1, 1.
, , .
: (2O5) = (2O5)/(52) = 142/10 = 14,2 /..;
(H2SO4) = M(H2SO4)/2 = 98/2 = 49 /..;
(Ca(OH)2) = M(Ca(OH)2)/2 = 74/2 = 37 /..;
(Al2(SO4)3) = M(Al2(SO4)3) = 342/6 = 57 /..;
V. (H2) = 22,4/2 =11,2/..; V.(O2) = 22,4/4 =5,6 /..
. , ( ), , .
: , .
, , .
, , , , . , : 34, Al(OH)3 1, 2, 3; H2SO4, Mg(OH)2 1,2; HCN, RbOH 1.
, () H2S3 (1) H2S (2) :
1. ) -:
H2S3 + 2 = 2S3 + 22 f.(H2S3) = ½, z = 2
H2S3 + = HS3 + 2 f.(H2S3) = 1, z = 1;
) -:
H2S3 + Cl2 + 2 = H2S4 + 2HCl
S32- + 2O - 2e- = S42- + 2H+ f.(H2S3) = ½, z = 2
H2S3 + 22S = 3S + 32
S32- + 6H+ - 4e- = S + 32O f.(H2S3) = 1/4, z = 4;
2. ) -:
H2S + NaOH = NaHS + H2O f. = 1, z =1
H2S + 2NaOH = Na2S + 2H2O f. = 1/2, z =2;
) -:
H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O = 8HCl + H2SO4
H2S + 4H2O 8- = 10H+ + SO42- f. = 1/8, z = 8
2H2S + SO2 = 3S + 2H2O
H2S + 4H2O 2- = 10H+ + SO42- f. = 1/2, z =2.
, : k11 +k22 +kiAi = 11 + 22 + iBi :
n.(1) = n.(2) = n.(i), (1)
m(1)/ M.(1) = m(2)/ M.(2) = m(i)/ M.(i).
(1) , :
V(1)/ V.(1) = m(2)/ M.(2) = m(i)/ M.(i).
( 2) , :
m(1)/ M.(1) = . (2) . V(2) = m(i)/ M.(i).
:
:
. V(1): V(2): V(i)= 
,
. (i) - ( ), V(i) .
:
.
: n. = . . V, (1) :
. (1) . V(1) = . (2) . V(2) = . (i) . V(i),
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() , , . , (ki) , () : k11 +k22 +kiAi = 11 + 22 + iBi.
, :
n.(1) = n.(2) = n.(i). (1)
: n.(A) = z(A) . n(A), n.(A) , , z(A) , n(A) , .
, :
n(A1)/k1 = n(A2)/k2 = ni(Ai)/ki n.(1)/(z1.k1) = n.(2)/(z2.k2) = n.(i)/(zi.ki). (2)
n.(1) = n.(2) = n.(i), (1) (2), :
z1.k1 = z2.k2 = zi.ki.
, .
: z1 z2 : (CuOH)2SO4 + 3H2SO4 = 2Cu(HSO4)2 + 2H2O
:
, , , , .
Cu(HSO4)2, , z1=1. , , (CuOH)2SO4 : z1.k1 = z2.k2 1.3 = z2.1, z2 = 3.
, () . , .
: :
Cu + 2H2SO4 = CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
:
- :
1) Cu + H2SO4 = Cu + SO2 + H2O -
2) CuO + H2SO4 = CuSO4 + H2O
- , , . , , , , (2 + 2 = 4), .
