.


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-




0: (Coding)

(). , , ().

,

,

- , - .

, - , .. .

= {0,1}, . = R { }, real-valued .

1: (Initial population construction)

- , , , (a random sample of search space). , () .

2: (Fitness evaluation)

. , (fitness) . (fitness function) ( , ).

, , (3 4).

3: (Selection)

(an intermediate population) ( (mating pool), ) (reproduction, selection operator).

( reproduction, copy) . ( ) , .

, , F. ( / F) (a relative fitness).

(random trials), , . , , -, ( ) (Monte Carlo random procedure, wheel of fortune (Roulette wheel)).

.2.22 -.

. (= ) , (selected) ( ) :

, (2.10)

N

. (2.11)

 

. 2.22. -

 

1. (2.10) .

2. . , , :

uniform selection: ;

tournament selection: , ;

Selection with elitism: . .

, .

4: () (Crossover and Mutation) . , . : .

. :

1. ,

2. () ,

3. , .. (offspring).

. . . (a point of crossover) (, , ). , ( ) . , -: . = 3 . :

.

:

.

, .

. , , :

a) Uniform crossover:

, , a crossover mask. 1 -, . 0 , .

b) Linear interpolation 2-point crossover:

, ( ) , .

, , , . , . , . , , .

. .

5: (Checking of the End_Test)

t = t+ 1; IF NOT (End_Test) THEN go to Step2; else stop.

(End_Test) . (, 200), (, 3 ) .. , . .

: .

: [0-31] . , :

, .

, ( , ). , , [0-31] . . , : {00000} {11111}.

. . , 1,2,3,...,32 (25 = 32). , , , 2.2.

2.2

. 2.2 : . :

.

,

.

. (mating pool) : 01101, 11000 10011 .

, 2.3. .

 

2.3

Mating pool crossover

 

, (). . 2.4 ( , ).

 

2.4

 

. , ( ) , , , .

, ( ) . , . , . , .

, :

́ ́ , , , . . , -, .

. 2.23 (a,b,c,d) - .

 

(a) (Coding and Evaluation)

(b) (Selection)

 

(c) (Crossover)

(d) (Mutation)

. 2.23. -

:

,

(Coding system);

(Fitness function);

(Initial population);

(Population size);

(Selection operation);

(Crossover operation),

(Probability of crossover);

(Mutation operation),

(Probability of mutation);

(Termination condition).

, , . , :

,

- ;

- .

, . . .

. - .

(), . , . , . , , , .

, . , .

.2.24 - .

(Selection) , . , , , . . . , , .

- .2.25.

, , . .

. 2.24.

 

. 2.25. - .

, .

( ) :

1. ;

2. , [0, 1] , , , 5;

3. , [0, l];

4. , ;

5. ;

6. 1-5 .

. 2.26.

, . (two-point crossover). , .

 

. 2.26. -

, . . , , , . .

, . , .. , .

:

1. ;

2. [0 1]. , . 5;

3. (mutation point) - [0 l];

4. , ;

5. ;

6. 1-5 .

. 2.27.

 

. 2.27. -

, . .

(Fundamental Theorem of GA).

, , .

(). , A = {0,1}. () (-). - 1 .

: (a schema) S , A = {0,1,*}, * : . , :

S = * 1 * 0 * * 0 0. (2.12)

: (a representative of a schema)

, (0 1) -, .

, A, B, C S, (2.12).

A = 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

B = 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

C = 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0.

: (an order of a schema)

, o (S), (0 1) -

, S, (2.12), o (S) = 4.

: (a defining length of a schema)

, (S), (0 1) - () (0 1) - (). (S) : .

, S, (2.12), :

(S) = = 8 2 = 6.

, . .

, 1101 4, , , 24 =16 :

1100, 110*, 11*0, 11**, 1*00, 1*0*, 1**0, 1***, *100, *10*, *1*0, *1**, **00, **0*, ***0, 0***, ****.

:

,

- .

, , , , . (implicit parallelism of GA).

. S t, . , , ..

=?

, . .

(Schema Theorem):

, , , ..

:

- S t;

- S;

- ;

- ; - ();

- S; - S;

- .

: . , , .

1. , , . , . , , - . , , - . , . , - .

2. .

3. () - , , . .

4. - , , . "", .

. (. 2.28,), . (. 2.28,) ( ), , . , , , , . .

. 2.28.

 

.

1. , (derivative based methods). - (derivative free optimization) . , , .

2. . . , () . . (0 1). .

3. - .

4. - .

5. (in poorly understood and irregular spaces).





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