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:




:

































 

 

 

 


қ:




 

6.2. қ: ң ә ң ұқ қ ң ғ ң ө қ.

6.3. қ :

- ң қ ү;

- ң қ ү;

- ң ұқ қ ң ғ ө қ ү.

 

6.4. қң ұқ:

6.4.1. , .

ң .

.

Classification of gene mutations.

6.4.3. ң ң ұқ қ ң ғ ө.

* ғ ә ү

6.5. қң ә: ү қ ә( ұқ әң, , , ө).

6.6. Ә:

:

6.6.1. . . .. .: , 2006. . 164-173, 219-267.

6.6.2. Ққ .Ө., ұ Ұ.Ә. ә қ (ә ғ). : , 2009. . 82-98.

6.6.3. .., .. . .,2003. . 78-82.

6.6.4. .. ә қ ң қ . , 2006. .141-153.

6.6.5. Қ .Қ., .., ұ Қ.. қ . ., 2002. . 134-144.

6.6.6. Ққ .Ө., Ә .. қ ә . , 2006. . 77-86.

6.6.7. қ ә . .Ө. Ққң . , 2004. . 114-126.

6.6.8. Ққ .Ө., ұ Ұ.Ә. қ - қ ң -ққ ө. : , 2012. 112 .

Қ:

6.6.9. : . / ., , -, . : . . . . ; . . . .- .: -, 2010.

қ

6.7.1. () құ ғ:

6.7.1.1.қң ұқ ұ.

6.7.1.2. қ 10 ұқ 3 ұқ

6.7.1.3. қ ә ғ ә

6.7.2. ә ғ құ ғ:

6.7.2.1. : қ ң

 

  ң ө
1.  
2. -  
3. -  
4. қ  
5. қ  

 

6.7.2.2 (ү) ң ң , үң.

6.7.2.3 : 1. ң ң құ  - (- 16- ғ) ә - (- 11- ғ) .- құ 146 ққ , қ ғ - 6 ққ . Қ - қ қ HbA қ. Қ-ң , ққ _________ ғ. ә Қ ғ ө, ққң қ қ ә ________ ққ . ә HbA қ HbS . ғ ң ә ққң ө _____________________________ . ұ _____________ .

6.7.2.4 Қ ң , ң  , ө, қ ң қғ ә ққң . ә ң  ң құ ө ә қ HbA . , ө . ұ __________________ .

 

6.7.3. қ ұқ:

6.7.3.1 қ қ ә қ ?

6.7.3.2 қ ң ө ң қ ?

6.7.3.3. ұқ қ ?

Ү ү ө:

Ққ ғ
ұ ң ұ ң Muton -a unit of mutation, it is equal to a single pair of nucleotides
ң құ қң ө , Gene mutations mutations characterized by change of structure and function of gene
- ұ қ ө ұғ . - , . Mutant gene agene in which some changes or violation of the order of nucleotides sequence occurred.
ғ ө , Lethal genes -genes that lead to the death of their carriers
ғң қң ө , Sub-lethal genes -genes that lead to the damage of their carriers reproductive function
қ Қ ң ұ () ұ , () Mistakes of replication mutations result from incorrect (non-complementary) bonding of nucleotides during replication of DNA
қ ң ғң Қ ң қ ү қ - , Frame-shift mutations -mutations due to loosing or insertion of single or a few nucleotides during replication of DNA
- i i i i( ), i i i i ( ,) . (), (֫,). ransitions substitution of the purine base to a purine (GA) pyrimidine to a pyrimidine (TTS, Y), then such changes are called.
ң ii ұ (, , , , ) - (,ë,,). ransversions substitution on the purine to pyrimidine or purine pyridine called (A TSG, T, Y).
i iң өi , iң ғ ө, ұ - . -, , .. Missensemutation in which substitution nucleotide triplet encoding converts it into another encoding triplet, i.e. It is changing the meaning of the triplet
i iң өi ғ , ұ ғ . - - , - . Nonsense mutation - a mutation in which substitution at nucleotide triplet turns it into nonsense or meaningless triplet.
ұқ ә ғ ұқ ө ә ұқ ү - , . Dominant mutations -mutations that appear in the heterozygous state in the generation in which they firstly appear and split in the next generations.
ғ ө - , , . Recessive mutations-mutations that are expressed only when the mutant gene is in the homozygous state.

 

Құ: қ. Ә.Қ.Қ

 

14 - ә қ





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