.


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. . . : . - , , . , :

- ( r )

. .

 

(E.Dijkstra)

() () () (|V| ), . 1959 .

(J.B.Kruskal)

1. . 2. , . .. .

(R.C.Prim)

( ) (.. , ) . .. .

- (S.M.Roberts, B.Flores)

, .

(Fleury)

.

(R.W.Floyd)

.

(Anti-symmetric graph)

, : (v ,v ) , (v ,v ). , .. .

(Cycle basis)

, . .. , . . . .

(Unbounded face)

. .

, .

(Binary tree)

, , , . , : , , , .

. .. , . . m - .

(Bichromatic graph)

, 2. .

(Value of a flow)

, . , .

(Value of a cut)

. .

(Vertex)

, , ; , ( ) - , , . , .

, a (Reachible from a vertex)

, a .

(Isolated vertex)

( ), . 0.

, (Vertex incident to an edge)

.

. .

(Terminal vertex)

a b, e = (a,b); b e = (a,b); .

(Central vertex)

, ; .

(Weight of an arc)

, , , . . . .

(Weighted graph)

(), () . (G,w), w , .

(Terminal(pendant) vertex)

1. 1.

2. , 1, , 0.

.

(Inner vertex)

, , .. .

( ) (Height of vertex)

- .

(Height of tree)

().

(Hamiltonian graph)

, , . , ., ., ., . . , , . "" ., 1859 . " ", .

(Hamiltonian cycle)

, .

(Hamiltonian directed graph)

, , . .

(Hamiltonian path)

, .

(Geodetic chain)

(v,w) -. . .

(Graph colouring conjecture)

4-. : , . , . , 1840 ., , 1850 . . 1879 . , . "" 1879. , 1976. .

(Depth of a vertex)

.

(Homeomorphical graphs)

, . , .

(Face, facet)

, , . . , , ; .

( ) (Graph (undirected graph)

1. (V,E), V , , E V, . G V(G) E(G), . |V(G)| = n |E(G)| = m, (n,m) - G. 2. (V,E), V , E V / , V = {(v,w) | v w } :

(v ,w ) (v ,w ) (v ,w ) = (v ,w ) (v ,w ) = (w ,v )

3. (V,E,P), V , E , , , P , e E v w V. 4. , .

(Graphs of Kuratowski)

K K .

(Bipartite graph)

, (), . , , , .

(Cartesian product of graphs)

= H H ... H , H (v,w), v = (v ,..., v ) w = (w ,..., w ), , E = (v , w ),..., E = (v , w ), E H .

(Tree)

.

(Diameter)

.

(Length of a chain)

( ) ; ( ) .

(Edge adding)

, e G, G + e.

k - (k-partite graph)

, k , . , , , k- K .

(Complementary graph)

G1, , G, , G.

(Reachable vertex)

w v, v w.
(Reaching set)

, .

(Reachability)

R , aRb , a b.

(Arc)

; (v,w) , , v w .

(Graph representation)

, ; , , . , .

(Chinese postman's problem)

, , ( , ) . , .

(Traveling salesman problem)

n , . , . : ( ) ().

NP-; . , ; .

(Koenigsberg's bridges problem)

( ) , . 1736 . : , ?

(Cycle)

(), .

.

(Starred graph)

K ; n = 3 "" "".

(Graph isomorphism)

: V(G) V(H) G H, ; , u v G (u) (v) H , u v G.

, .. , . , , , . NP- .

(Isomorphic graphs)

, ; , G H (G H), G H (, , H G.

(Incidenty)

() , .. e = (a,b) a b a, b e = (a,b).

(Source)

1. , .

2. , .

3. , , .

(Spanning tree)

. , , , .

(Clique)

V' G, , .. G(V') .

(Clique number)

(G) .

, .

(Code of a tree)

, , . , , , , , , , , , .

(Cotree)

) T G, G, T;

) G T.

(Root)

( ).

(Rooted tree)

.

(Multiplicity of edge)

, .

(Multiple arcs)

, .

(Multiple edges)

, .

(Shortest spanning tree)

() .

(Shortest path)

, .

(Cubic graph)

3.

(Left linear tree)

, :

) ..;

) , , .., ..

(Handshake's lemma)

, .

- : , ( , ). .

(Forest)

. .

(Leaf)

1. , . 2. .

(Sequence)

a = v , e , v , e ,..., v , e , v = b

, e = (v ,v ), 1 i n. , a b . , a = v , v ,..., v = b e , e ,..., e . . , , . ., (a b), - ; . - .

(Weight matrix)

, n n (n ), (i,j) - / (v , v ), ; (i,j) - .

(Reachibility matrix)

(0,1)- R(G) n n (n G), (i,j) - r 1, G v v ( v v ), 0 .

((vertex-edge) incidence matrix)

(0,1)- I(G) n m (n , m / G), (i,j) - 1, v e v e , -1, v e ( ), 0 .
.

(Kirchhoff's matrix)

(0,1)- B(G) n n (n G), (i,j) - b -1, v v (i j), deg v v i = j 0 . .

(Adjacency matrix, vertex incidence matrix)

(0,1)- A(G) n n (n G), (i,j) - a 1, v v , .. ( ) (v , v ), 0 . .. . .. (i,j) - , v v ( ).

.. (, , ) .

(Fundamental cut-set matrix)

, .

(Fundamental cycle matrix)

, .

(Matrix-tree theorem)

, 1847 . :

G n 2 B(G).

n - ( n ).

(Minimal flow)

, .

(Bridge)

, ; .

.

(Multigraph)

(V,E), V , E V V (); , .

(Supergraph)

.

(Maximum flow)

, . - .

(Girth)

. , 0, , .

(Graphs union)

, F G H V(H) = V(F) V(G) E(H) = E(F) E(G). H = F G. , V(F) V(G) = .

.

, .

(Circumference of a graph)

.

.

(Directed tree)

, .

(Directed graph)

(V,A), V , A ( ), A V .

(Directed sequence)

S = (v , e , v , e ,..., e , v ) v e , e = (v , v ), 1 i n. (v , v ) -. v v , .

(Intersection of graphs)

G = G G , , .

(Graph enumeration)

( ).

(Loop)

(v,v), v V(G), . , , , .

(Planar graph)

, , , . , , .

(Planar graph)

, , , .

. .

(Subgraph)

1. G = (V,E) H = (W,U), W G, W V, / U / E, U E, (x,y) E x,y W, (x,y) U. . . .

2. , . ; .

(Subdivision of an edge)

, e = (x,y) e = (x,z) e = (z,y), z 2. . .

(Depth first search)

() , ( ) , , ( ), , , s, . s ; : , , , . , , ; . , M-. , . : , , - , , , , , . , , ( ), , . . - , .

(Width (breadth) first search)

: s 0, 1. 1 2 .. , . (i,i+1) , , . , , 1, 2 ..

(Complete graph)

, .

n - K .

(Complete bipartite graph)

, , , .

k - (Complete k-partite graph)

k - , , , .

(Semihamiltonian graph)

, , . .

(Indegree)

, .

(Outdegree)

, .

(Semieuler graph)

, , . .

(Labeled graph)

, , 1, 2,..., n - .

(Induced subgraph)

, , ; , , .

(Order of a graph)

.

(Flow)

f(e), E :

1) 0 r(e) f(e) c(e), e E;

2) .

3)

4) r(e) e, c(e) .

s , t , . , , . . -:

.

(Descendent of a vertex)

v w, v; w v, (v,w). v.

(Proper (vertex) colouring)

, ( ) .

(Predecessor of a vertex)

w v, w; v ( ), (v,w); w.

(Simple cycle)

, .

(Simple path)

, .

(Simple cutset)

, .

(Simple circuit)

, .

(Empty graph)

, . , 0 .

(Path)

S = (v , e , v ,..., e , v ), e = (v , v ) i = 1,..., n; ; v v n v , v v ,..., v .

(Radius of a graph)

; , .

(Cut-set)

, .

(Cut-vertex (cutting vertex)) x G , V(G) \ { x } V' V'', G.

. .

(Colouring)

G k f: V(G) { 1,2,...,k }, . , , k - k -. , . . f , k - k . , k - G k , .

(Colored graph)

, .

k - (k-colored graph)

k .

k - (k-colourable map)

, k , (.. ) .

k - (k-colourable graph)

, k -.

k - (Edge k-colouring)

, e (e) {1,2,..., k };

1) (e) = c, , e c;

2) , .

(Edge colourable graph)

, .

k - (Edge k-colourable graph)

, k -.

- (Line-chromatic number, edge chromatic number})

G L(G).

(Line (edge) graph)

G L(G), G L(G) , G.

(Regular graph)

, ; . ; . n n - .

.

(Self-complementary graph)

, .

, , 4- 5- .

(Connected verticies)

, .

(Connectivity)

, .

.

(Connected component of a graph)

; .

(Connected graph)

, () , .. , .

k - (k-connected graph)

, () k.

(Net, network)

, , . , . .

(Cutting set, cutset, separating set)

, .

(Strongly connected graph)

, .

(Symmetric directed graph)

, .

(Weakly connected graph)

, ().

.

(Adjacent vertices, joined vertices)

a b, ( ), (a,b) ( ), ( ).

(Adjacent faces)

, .

(Adjacent arcs)

, .

(Adjacent edges)

, ( ) ( ).

(Adjacency)

Ad () , a Ad b , a b ( ).

(Mixed graph)

, , .

(Graphs union)

G G V V

G + G = G G K(V ,V ), K(V ,V ) V V .

(Edge list)

(), ().

(Adjacency list)

v , v; n , .

(Degree of a vertex, valency of a vertex)

; , .. .

(Degree of a graph)

.

.

(Contraction of a graph)

.

(Contraction of an edge)

(u,v) u v .

(Spanning subgraph)<





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