451. . : . , : 1) ; 2) , . .
sp sp2 sp3 sp3d sp3d2 sp3d3 | 2 BF3 H2O PCl5 SF6 ClF7 |
452. ( , )
sp sp2 sp3 sp3d2 | ( 1800) ( 1200) ( 1090) ( 900) | 2 BF3 H2O SF6 |
453. : , . , , , . ( , ) .
454.
32- | sp2 | ||
S42- | sp3 | ||
N3- | sp2 |
455. Cl2 , σ-, π-. , , π- , .
456. ) , (CH4 - , NH3 - 1 , H2O - 2 ). ) , ((Cl)>(Br)>(I). ) , ra(N)< ra(P)< ra(As)< ra(Sb).
457. . , (4 - , SF6 - ). , (NH3 - ), (2 - ).
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458.
.. | .. | . | . | ||
sp3 | CH4, NH4+ | ||||
sp3 | . | NH3, PF3 | |||
sp3 | H2S, H2O | ||||
sp3d | . | PCl5 | |||
sp3d | . | TeCl4 | |||
sp3d | - | ClF3 | |||
sp3d2 | SF5 | ||||
sp3d2 | . | IF5 | |||
sp3d2 | ICl4-, XeF4 |
459.
2 SO2: 2 sp-, SO2 sp2-. 2 , SO2 . |
BCl3 NCl3 BCl3 sp2-, NCl3 sp3-. BCl3 , NCl3 . |
CF4 XeF4 F4 sp3-, XeF4 sp3d2-. F4 , XeF4 . |
460. ) BF3 sp2-, BF4- sp3-. . ) NH3 sp3-, , - . NH4+ - , .. . ) , 2 sp3-, , - . 3+, .. .
461. , , . , , : () = 2,1.
() | ׀()-()׀ | ||
(N) = 3.0 | 0.9 | ||
(S) = 2.5 | 0.4 | ||
(Li) = 1.0 | 1.1 | ||
(O) = 3.5 | 1.4 | ||
(I) = 0.133 | 1.967 |
462. , . - (2, NH3, FeCl2). - , . σ-, π-, δ-. - . - . - d- , . , - N≡N. - . , HCl .
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463. μ l q: μ = l*q. .. . . . . , . , , 2 , , = , 2 .
464. , .. , , . δ . Cl δ = +0.18, = -0.18 . , HCl 18% , .. . , .
465. . . 2.1, :
NaCl | 3-0.9 = 2.1 | |
MgCl2 | 3-1.2 = 1.8 | |
AlCl3 | 3-1.5 = 1.5 | |
SiCl4 | 3-1.8 = 1.2 | |
PCl3 | 3-2.1 = 0.9 | |
SCl4 | 3-2.5 = 0.5 | |
Cl2 | 3-3 = 0 |
466. . 100%- , .. . 10%. FrF, .. .
467. , . , . , . , , . , 2+ . , Fe2+ . , , 18- ( ), Ag+ . , , , . 2- S2-, .
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468. , , . , , .. . - , , , ( ), .
469. , . , , .. . - , , , ( ), .
470. Fe, Cu, Pb - . , . . , . . , - .