313. 2Co+3 + Tl+ = 2Co+2 + Tl+3,
) [Co+3] = 0,3/. [Tl+] 2 , 2 , .. [Tl+] 1.
) [Tl+] = 0,1 /. [Co+3] 3 , 3 - [Co+3] = 1. .. : V = K*[ Co+3]1 *[Tl+]1.
314. CH3CHO = CH4+CO. [CH3CHO] 2 , 4 , .. 2. V=K* [CH3CHO]2.
315. 2A+3B=A2B3. ) [A] = 0,20 /. [] 4 , 4 , .. [] 1. ) [] = 0,80 /. [A] . .. : V = K*[]1 . 2 V/ = K*2[], 2 : V/ / V = 2 .
316. 2NO+O2 = 2NO2, : V = K*[NO]2*[O2]1. 1.2*10-3 = *0.32 *0.15, , = 0,089 2/2.
317. H2+Y2 = 2HY, = 0,16, [H2] = 0,04, [I2] = 0,05 /. V. = K*[H2]*[I2] = 0,16*0,04*0,05 = 3,2*10-4. , .. 0,02 /, . 0,02 / 0,03 / . V/ = 0,16*0,02*0,03 = 9,6*10-5.
318. 2NO+Cl2 = 2NOCl, [NO.] = 0,4 /, [Cl2 .] = 0,3 /. V = K*[NO]2 * [Cl2] = *0,42 *0,3 = 0,048. 0,2 / NO, , 0,1 / Cl2. 0,2 / NO 0,2 / Cl2. V = K * 0,22 * 0,2 = 0,008 . 0,048/0,008 = 6 .
319. -, 100 2-4 . γ = 3, 1 = 800, 2 = 1300. V2/V1 = γ2 -1 / 10 = 3130-80 /10 = 243.
320. , 10 . γ = 3, ∆ = 40, V2/V1 = γ2 -1 / 10 = 340 /10 = 81.
321. -, 100 2-4 . γ = 1.8, V2/V1 = 50. ∆ -?
V2/V1 = γ ∆/10, 50 = 1.8 ∆/10, ln50 = ∆/10 *ln1.8, ∆ = 66.50C.
322. - , , . , . 1 = 1000, 2 = 1500, 1 = 6*10-4, 2 = 7.2*10-2. 2 / 1 = γ ∆ / 10 , 7.2*10-2 / 6*10-4 = γ (150-100)/10 , γ = 2.6.
323. 1=1200, 2=1700, 1=5,9*10-4, 2=6,7*10-2. 2 / 1 = γ ∆ / 10 , 6,7*10-2 / 5,9*10-4 = γ 170-120/10 , γ = 2,6.
324. γ1 = 3, γ2 = 4, 1 : 1/ = 2/. 2: 2// / 1// = 5. ∆ -?
2 / 1 = γ ∆ / 10 . 1// / 1/ = γ1 ∆ / 10 (1) . 2// / 2/ = γ2 ∆ / 10 (2). (1) (2), : 1// / 2// = (γ1 ∆ / 10) / (γ2 ∆ / 10). 1/5 = (3 ∆ / 10 ) / (4 ∆ / 10). ln5 + (∆ / 10) *ln3 = (∆ / 10) * ln4, ∆ = 560.
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325. . , = 0 * - / RT .
1 = 288, 1 = 3,1*10-4. 2 = 313 , 2 = 8,2*10-3.
ln(K2/K1) = Ea/R * (1/T1 - 1/T2).
ln(8,2*10-3 / 3,1*10-4) = / 8,31 * (1/288 - 1/313), , = 98,14 /.
326. , , . 1 = 673, 1 = 2,2*10-4. 2 = 973 , 2 = 8,33. ln(K2/K1) = Ea/R * (1/T1 - 1/T2). ln(8,33 / 2,2*10-4) = / 8,31 * (1/673 - 1/973), = 191,4 /.
327. = 100 / 1 = 273, 1 = 2,0*10-2. 2 = 373 , 2 =?. ln(K2/K1) = Ea/R * (1/T1 - 1/T2). ln(2 / 2,0*10-2) = 100000 / 8,31 * (1/273 - 1/373), 2 = 2712.
328. ) 2NO = N2 + O2, = 290 / 1=300, 2=310 , 2 / 1 =?. ln(K2/K1) = Ea/R * (1/T1 - 1/T2). ln(2 / 1) = 290000 / 8,31 * (1/300 - 1/310), 2 /1 = 43.
) 2NO + O2 = 2N2, = 10 / 1=300, 2=310 , 2 / 1 =?. ln(K2/K1) = Ea/R * (1/T1 - 1/T2). ln(2 / 1) = 10000 / 8,31 * (1/300 - 1/310), 2 /1 = 1,14.
-.
329. 1 = 184 /, 2 = 107 /, =400 . 1 = 0 * - 1 / RT , 2 = 0 * - 2 / RT , , 2 / 1 =1,15*1010 .
330.
N2 2 | Fe + K2O, Al2O3, MgO |
2 | ZnO-Cr2O3, CuO-ZnO- Cr2O3 |
2 | Fe, Ni, Co+MgO |
Pt/ Al2O3 | |
H3PO4 | |
(V) | |
H3PO4 H2SO4 | |
Al(C2H5)3 TiCl4 |
, , .
1 = 200 /, 2 = 100 /, =400 . 1 = 0 * - 1 / RT , 2 = 0 * - 2 / RT , , 2 / 1 = 1,16*1013 .
331. , . , .
) N2 () + 3H2 () = 2NH3 (),
) Fe3O4 + 4CO () = 3Fe () + 4CO2 (),
332. - , , .
) 4HCl + O2 ()= 2Cl2() + 2H2O (),
) CaO (k) + H2O () = a(OH)2 (),
333. , , . : , , , . , .
) CO() + H2O() = CO2() + H2()
) 2CuO() = 2Cu() + O2()
334. . . , .
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) 3O2() = 23 (),
) Na2CO3 () + CO2() + H2O() = 2NaHCO3(),
335. : , , : + bB = cC + dD, .
) N2 () + 2 () = 2N(), ,
) 3Fe() + 4H2O() = Fe3O4() + 4H2(), .
336. : , , .
) Y2 () + H2 () = 2HY (), ,
) MgO() + CO2() = MgCO3(), .
337. N2 () + 3H2 () = 2NH3 (),
C. | |||
. |
, . (N2) = [N2] + 0,5[NH3] = 3+ 0,5*4 = 5 /.
(2) = [2] + 1,5[NH3] = 9 + 1,5*4 = 15 /.
338. CO + Cl2 = COCl2
C. | |||
. | 0,2 | 0,3 | 1,2 |
, . (Cl2) = [Cl2] + [COCl2] = 0,3 + 1,2 = 1,5 /.
(CO) = [CO] + [COCl2] = 0,2 + 1,2 = 1,4 /.
339. CO + H2O = CO2 + H2
C. | 0,03 | 0,03 | ||
. | x | y | 0,01 | z |
, , 2: [CO2]=[H2]=0,01 /. 2 0,01 /, [CO]=[H2O]=0,02 /. .
340. FeO(k) + CO = Fe(k) + CO2
C. | - | 0,05 | - | 0,01 |
. | - | 0,05-x | - | 0,01+x |
0,01+x=0,025-0,5x, x=0,01. [CO] = 0,05 - 0,01 = 0,04 /. [CO2] = 0,01 + 0,01 = 0,02 /.
341. Br2 () + H2 () = 2HBr (),
C. | |||
. | 3-x | 1-x | 2x |
, 3x2 + 4x - 3 = 0, x = 0,54.
[H2] = 3-0.54 = 2.46 /, [Br2] = 1-0.54 = 0.46 /, [HBr] = 2*0.54=1.08 /.
w(H2)=(2.46/4)*100 %=61.5%, w(Br2)=(0.46/4)*100%=11.5%, w(HBr)=(1.08/4)*100%=27%.
342. N2O4 () = 2NO2 (),
C. | 0.08 | |
. | 50% | X |
0.08*0.5 = 0.04 / N2O4. , 2*0.04 = 0.08 / NO2 .
.
343. Y2 () + H2 () = 2HY (),
C. | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
. | 0.01-x | 0.01-x | 2x |
=40
= 0.0076, [HY]=2*0.0076=0.015/.
=(0.015*100)/(2*0.01)=76%
344. Y2 () + H2 () = 2HY (),
C. | |||
. | 1-x | 2-x | 2x |
=50
462 -150 + 100=0, = 0.57, 2 HY, 0.57*2 = 1.14 . =(1.14*100%) / 2 = 57 %.
345. 2HY () = Y2 () + H2 ()
C. | |||
. | 1-2x | x | x |
= 2*10-2
= 0.11, 2*0.11 = 0.22 HY, 22 %.
346. Cl2 () = 2Cl()
C. | 0.04 | |
. | 0.04-x | 2x |
=4.2*10-4
42 + 4.2*10-4 -1.68*10-5 = 0, = 0.002, (002/0.04)*100 % = 5 %.
347. CO + H2O = CO2 + H2
C. | ||||
. | 1-x | 1- |
=1. , = 0.5, [CO2]=[H2]=0,5 /, [CO]=[H2O]=0,5 /.
348. PCl5 = PCl3 + Cl2
C. | 0.3 | ||
. | 0.3-x |
=125. , 2 + 125 - 37.5 = 0, = 0.299. PCl5: (0.299/0.3)*100% = 99.76 %.
349. : , , , . ) 2CO () + 2() = 22 (), Δ0= -566 /. .. , ; .. , . ) N2 () + O2 () = 2NO (), Δ0= 180 /. .. , ; .. , .
350. , , , . ) 2H2 () + O2 () = 2H2O (), Δ0 = - 483.6 /. .. , ; .. , . ) CaCO3 (k) = CaO (k) + CO2(), Δ0 = 179,0 /. .. , ; .. - CO2 , .
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351. N2 () + 3H2 () = 2NH3 (), ΔH0= -92.4 /. ) , , - . ) .. , , - . ) , . ) . ) , - . ) .
352. 4HCl() + O2() = 2Cl2() + 2H2O(), ΔH0= -116.4 /. ) , , , . ) , , , .
353. 3Fe() + 4H2O() = Fe3O4() + 4H2(), ΔH0= -49,9 /. , . . . , .. .
354. MgO(k) + CO2 () = MgCO3(), ΔH0= -111,7 /. CO2 . .
355. CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2.
ΔH0 = -986.6+635.5+241.8 = -109.3 /. ΔS0 = 76.1-39.7-188.7 = -152.3 /(K*)
ΔG0 = ΔH0 - * ΔS0. ΔG0 = -R*T*lnKp => Kp = e-ΔG/RT
) = 300 . ΔG0 = -109.3 + 300*152.3*10-3 = -63.61 /. = 1.2*1011
) = 1000 . ΔG0 = -109.3 + 1000*152.3*10-3 = 43 /. = 5.7*10-3
-, .. .
356. N2O3 = NO + NO2.
ΔH0 = 90.2 + 33.5 - 83.3 = 40.4 /. ΔS0 = 210.6 + 240.2 - 178.2 = 272.6 /(K*)
ΔG0 = ΔH0 - * ΔS0. ΔG0 = -R*T*lnKp => Kp = e-ΔG/RT
) = 00 C = 273 . ΔG0 = 40.4 - 273*272.6*10-3 = -34.0 /. = 3.3*106
) = 373 . ΔG0 = 40.4 - 373*272.6*10-3 = -61.3 /. = 3.9*108
-, .. .
357. 2H2O = 2H2 + 2.
ΔH0 = 2*241.8 = 483.6 /. ΔS0 = 2*130.5 - 205 - 2*188.7 = -321.4 /(K*)
ΔG0 = ΔH0 - * ΔS0. ΔG0 = -R*T*lnKp => Kp = e-ΔG/RT
) = 500 . ΔG0 = 483.6 + 500*321.4*10-3 = 644.3 /. = 4.5*10-68
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) = 1000 . ΔG0 = 483.6 + 1000*321.4*10-3 = 805 /. = 8.5*10-43
-, .. .
358. ZnO + H2 = Zn + H2O.
ΔH0 = -241.8 + 350.6 = 108.8 /. ΔS0 = 41.6 + 188.7 - 43.6 - 130.5 = 56.2 /K*
ΔG0 = ΔH0 - * ΔS0. ΔG0 = -R*T*lnKp => Kp = e-ΔG/RT
) = 300 . ΔG0 = 108.8 - 300*56.2*10-3 = 91.94 /. = 9.6*10-17
) = 1000 . ΔG0 = 108.8 - 1000*56.2*10-3 = 52.6 /. = 5.7*10-3
-, .. .
359. FeO + H2 = Fe +H2.
ΔH0 = -241.8 + 264.8 = 23 /. ΔS0 = 27.3 + 188.7 - 60.8 -130.5 = 24.7 /(K*)
ΔG0 = ΔH0 - * ΔS0. ΔG0 = -R*T*lnKp => Kp = e-ΔG/RT
) = 500 . ΔG0 = 23 - 500*24.7*10-3 = 10.65 /. = 0.077
) = 1000 . ΔG0 = 23 - 1000*24.7*10-3 = -1.7 /. = 1.23
-, .. .
360. 2HI = H2 + I2.
ΔH0 = 2*26.6 = 53.2 /. ΔS0 = 130.5 + 116.2 - 2*206.5 = -166.3 /(K*)
ΔG0 = ΔH0 - * ΔS0.
= 400 . ΔG0 = 53.2 + 400*166.3*10-3 = 119.7 /.
ΔG0 = -R*T*lnKp => Kp = e-ΔG/RT => = 2.2*10-16
= . .. , . = 4.8*10-5 %. - , .. .
361. ( ) . , , : 1,673*10-27 , : 1,602*10-19 . - , : 9,109*10-31 , : 1,602*10-19 . - ( ), : 1,675*10-27 .
362.
, | , ... | , | ||
p | 1,673*10-27 | 1,007276 | 1,602*10-19 | |
n | 1,675*10-27 | 1,008665 | ||
e | 9,109*10-31 | 0,000549 | 1,602*10-19 |
363. , , , , . : , 10-8 . , , , : .