272. . : ΔG = ΔH - T*ΔS. , , , .. .
273. , : ( ) ( ). : ΔG = ΔH - T*ΔS. , : ΔG ≤ 0.
, .. , .
274. , .. . . / . .. : ΔG = ΔH - T*ΔS.
275. : ΔG = ΔH - T*ΔS. , , : ΔH T*ΔS, .. .
276. : ΔG = ΔH - T*ΔS. : -, - . , .
277. : ΔG =R*T*lnKp. - ( ) R*T : ΔG =P*V*n*lnKp - .
278.
ΔH | ΔS | ΔG | ||
+ | + | + | N2O4 () = 2 NO2 () | |
- | + | - | 2H2O2() = 2H2O () + O2 () | |
+ | - | + | N2()+O2() = 2NO2() | |
- | - | - | 3H2()+N2() = 2NH3() |
= 298 .
279. : ΔG = ΔH - T*ΔS. . (ΔG<0), , ΔG>0, . , ΔG Δ, - ΔS. : 3H2()+N2() = 2NH3(), =298 Δ<0, ΔS<0, T*ΔS<0 ΔG<0. =498 (T*ΔS) ΔG>0.
|
|
280. ) CaCO3() = CaO() + CO2(), , .. . ΔS = ΔS(O2) + ΔS(CaO) - ΔS(CaCO3) = 213.7 + 39.7 92/9 = 160.5 /(K*)
) NH3() + HCl() = NH4Cl(), , .. . ΔS = ΔS(NH4Cl) [ΔS(HCl) + ΔS(NH3)] = 95.8 186.8 192.6 = -283.6 /(K*)
281. 2SO2() + O2() = 2SO3(). : ΔG < 0. ΔG = 2ΔG(SO3) - 2ΔG(SO2) = 2* (-370) 2*(-300.2) = -139.6 /. : ΔS > 0. ΔS = 2ΔS(SO3) [2ΔS(SO2) - ΔS(2)] = 2*256.4 205 2*248.1 = -188.4 /(K*). .
282. ΔG, ΔS.
) ZnS() + 3/2O2() = ZnO() + SO2() ΔG = ΔG(SO2) + ΔG(ZnO) - ΔG(ZnS) = -300.2 - 320.7 + 200.7 = -420.7 / ΔS = ΔS(SO2) + ΔS(ZnO) - ΔS(ZnS) = 248.1 + 43.6 - 3/2*205.0 - 57.7 = -73.5 /(K*) , . |
) AgNO3() = Ag() + NO2() + 1/2O2() ΔG = ΔG(NO2) - ΔG(AgNO3) = 51.5 + 33.6 = 85.1 / ΔS = ΔS(Ag) + ΔS(NO2) + 1/2ΔS(O2) - ΔS(AgNO3) = 42.6+240.2+1/2*205-14-.9 = 244.4 /(K) , . |
) CuCl2() + H2O() = CuO() + 2HCl() ΔG = 2ΔG(HCl)+ΔG(CuO)-ΔG(CuCl2)-ΔG(H2O) = -2*94.8-129.4+228.6+174.1 = 83.7 / ΔS = 2ΔS(HCl)+ΔS(CuO)-ΔS(CuCl2)-ΔS(H2O) = 2*186.8+42.6-188.7-108.1 = 119.4 /(K) , . |
283. ΔG, ΔS.
) SO2() + 2H2S() = 3S() + 2H2O() ΔG = 2ΔG(H2O) - 2ΔG(H2S) - ΔG(SO2) = -2*237.1 + 2*33.8 + 300.2 = -106.4 / ΔS = 2ΔS(H2O)+3ΔS(S)-2ΔS(H2S)-ΔS(SO2) = 2*70.1+3*31.9-2*205.7+248.1 = -422.2 /(K*) , . |
) PbS() + 3/2O2() = PbO() + SO2() ΔG = ΔG(SO2) + ΔG(PbO) - ΔG(PbS) = -300.2 - 189.1 + 98.8 = -390.5 / ΔS = ΔS(SO2)+ΔS(PbO)-ΔS(PbS)-3/2ΔS(O2) = 248.1+66.2-91.2-3/2*205 = -84.5 /(K*) , . |
) 3NiO() + 2Al() = 3Ni() + Al2O3() ΔG = ΔG(Al2O3) - 3ΔG(NiO) = -1582 + 211 = -1371 / ΔS = 3ΔS(Ni)+ΔS(Al2O3)-3ΔS(NiO)-2ΔS(Al) = 3*29.9+50.9-2*28.4-3*38 =-30.2 /(K*) , . |
284. NiO() + Pb() = Ni() + PbO(), T=800 K, ΔG = ΔH - T*ΔS.
|
|
ΔH = ΔH(PbO) - ΔH(NiO) = -219.3 (-239.7) = 20.4 /.
ΔS = ΔS(PbO)+ΔS(Ni)-ΔS(NiO)-ΔS (Pb) = 66.2 + 29.9 38 64.8 = -6.7 /(K*)
ΔG = 20400 800*(-6.7)= 25.76 /. ΔG>0, .
285. Cu() + ZnO() = Zn() + CuO(), T=400 K, ΔG = ΔH - T*ΔS.
ΔH = ΔH(CuO) - ΔH(ZnO) = -162 (-350.3) = 188.6 /.
ΔS = ΔS(CuO)+ΔS(Zn)-ΔS(ZnO)-ΔS (Cu) = 42.6 + 41.6 43.6 33.2 = 7.4 /(K*)
ΔG = 188600 400*7.4= 185.64 /. ΔG>0, .
286. KOH + Na = NaOH + K, T=723 K, ΔG = ΔH - T*ΔS.
ΔH = ΔH(NaOH) - ΔH(KOH) = -426 + 425.8 = -0.2 /.
ΔS = ΔS(NaOH)+ΔS(K)-ΔS(KOH)-ΔS (Na) = 64.4 + 71.5 51.2 79.3 = 5 /(K*)
ΔG = -200 723*5= -3.82 /. ΔG<0, .
287. KCl + Na = NaCl + K, T=1073 K, ΔG = ΔH - T*ΔS.
ΔH = ΔH(NaCl) - ΔH(KCl) = -411.1 - (-435.9) = 24.8 /.
ΔS = ΔS(NaCl)+ΔS(K)-ΔS(KCl) - ΔS (Na) = 72.1 + 71.5 51.2 82.6 = 9.8 /(K*)
ΔG = 24800 723*9.8= 14.28 /. ΔG<0, . = 2530 , : ΔG = 0, = ΔH / ΔS. = 24800 / 9.8 = 2530 = 2257 0.
288. N2 + O2 = 2NO. ΔG<=0, ΔH = T*ΔS. =ΔH/ΔS. ΔH = 2ΔH(NO) = 2*90.2 = 180.4 /. ΔS = 2ΔS(NO) - ΔS(N2) - ΔS(O2) = 2*210.6 - 191.5 - 205.0 = 24.7 /(K*). T = 180400/24.7 = 7304K = 7031 oC. , .
289. )FeO + C() = Fe + CO, T1= 273 K, T2= 1273 K. ΔG = ΔH - T*ΔS.
ΔH = ΔH() - ΔH(FeO) = -110.5 + 264.8 = 154.3 /
ΔS = ΔS(CO)+ΔS(Fe)-ΔS(FeO)-ΔS(C) = 197.5+27.3-60.8-5.7 = 158.3 /(K)
ΔG1 = 154.3*103 - 273*158.3 = 107.13 /
ΔG2 = 154.3*103 - 1273*158.3 = - 47.22 /
1273 .
) FeO + C = Fe + CO2, T1= 273 K, T2= 1273 K. ΔG = ΔH - T*ΔS.
ΔH = ΔH(2) [ΔH(FeO)+ ΔH()] = -393.3 +110.5 + 264.8 = - 18.2 /
ΔS = [ΔS(CO2)+ΔS(Fe)] [ΔS(FeO)-ΔS(CO)] = 27.3 + 213.7 - 197.5-60.8 = -17.3 /(K)
ΔG1 = -18.2*103 - 273*(-17.3) = -13.04 /
ΔG2 = -18.2*103 - 1273*(-17.3) = 3.82 /
273 .
290. ) Cu + 0.5O2 = CuO(), T = 573 K, ΔG = ΔH - T*ΔS.
ΔH = ΔH(uO) = -162 /
ΔS = ΔS(CuO)-[ΔS(Cu)+0.5S(O2)] = 42.6 33.2 0.5*205 = - 93.1 /(K)
ΔG = -162*103 - 573*(-93.1) = -108.65 /
) 2Cu + 0.5O2 = Cu2O(), T = 573 K
ΔH = ΔH(u2O) = -173.2/
ΔS = ΔS(Cu2O)-[2ΔS(Cu)+0.5S(O2)] = 92.9 2*33.2 0.5*205 = -76 /(K)
ΔG = -173.2*103 - 573*(-76) = -129.65 /
), .. ΔG) < ΔG) .
291. ) NH4NO3() = N2O() + 2H2O(), = 500 . ΔG = ΔH - T*ΔS.
ΔH = 2ΔH(H2O) + ΔH(N2O) - ΔH (NH4NO3)= 2*(-241.8)+82 + 365.4 = -36.2 /.
ΔS = 2ΔS(H2O)+ΔS(N2O)-ΔS(NH4NO3) = 2*188.7 +219.9 - 151 = 446.3 /(K*)
ΔG = -36.2*103 500*446.3 = -259.35 /.
|
|
) NH4NO3() = N2() + 0.52 + 2H2O(),
ΔH = 2ΔH(H2O) - ΔH (NH4NO3)= 2*(-241.8) + 365.4 = -118.2 /.
ΔS=2ΔS(H2O)+ΔS(N2)+0.5ΔS(2)-ΔS(NH4NO3)=2*188.7+191.5+0.5*205-151=520.4 /(K*)
ΔG = -118.2*103 500*520.4 = -378.4 /.
), .. ΔG) < ΔG) .
292. = 300 , ΔG = ΔH - T*ΔS.
) CaCl2() + F2() = CaF2() + Cl2()
ΔH = ΔH(CaF2) - ΔH(CaCl2) = -1214.6+795= - 419.6 /.
ΔS = ΔS(CaF2)+ΔS(Cl2)-[ΔS(CaCl2)+ ΔS(F2)] = 222.9+68.9202.9-113.6= - 24.7 /(K*)
ΔG = -419.6*103 300*(-24.7) = - 412.19 /.
) CaF2 () + Cl2 () = CaCl2 () + F2 ()
ΔH = ΔH(CaCl2)- ΔH(CaF2)= -795+1214.6= 419.6 /.
ΔS = ΔS(CaCl2)+ ΔS(F2)-[ΔS(CaF2)+ΔS(Cl2)] = 202.9+113.6-222.9-68.9= 24.7 /(K*)
ΔG = 419.6*103 300*24.7 = 412.19 /.
), .. ΔG) < 0, ), .. ΔG) > 0.
293. T=300 K, ΔG = ΔH - T*ΔS.
) H2S() + Cl2() = S() + 2HCl() ΔH = 2ΔH(Hl) - ΔH(H2S) = -2*91.8 + 21 = 162.6 / ΔS = 2ΔS(HCl)+ΔS(S)-ΔS(H2S)-ΔS(Cl2) = 2*186.8+31.9-205.7-222.9 = -23.1 /(K) ΔG = 162.6*103 + 300*23.1 = 169.53 / |
) H2S() + Y2() = S() + 2HY() ΔH = 2ΔH(HY) - ΔH(H2S) = 2*26.6 + 21 = 74.2 / ΔS = 2ΔS(HY)+ΔS(S)-ΔS(H2S)-ΔS (Y2) = 2*206.5 + 31.9 - 260.6 - 205.7 = -21.4 /(K) ΔG = 74.2*103 + 300*21.4 = 80.62 / |
), .. ΔG()<ΔG().
294. , , =const . 1 , , , - . :
Na2O(.) + H2O() = 2NaOH(.)
ΔG = 2ΔG(NaOH) - ΔG(H2O) - ΔG(Na2O) = 2*(-380,45) (-237,4) (-377,38) = -146,12 /
, .. ΔG< 0.
295. ) 2N2O + O2 = 4NO, ΔG = 4ΔG(NO) - 2G(N2O) = 4*86.6 2*104/2 = 138 /
)N2O + NO=NO2 + N2, ΔG=ΔG(NO2)[G(N2O)+ΔG(NO)]=51.5-86.6-104.2 =-139.3 /
)N2O + NO2 =3 NO, ΔG=3ΔG(NO)[G(N2O)+ΔG(NO2)]=3*86.6-51.5-104.6=104.1 /
) CH4 + 3CO2 = 4CO + 2H2O(), ΔG=2ΔG(H2O)+ 4ΔG(O)[3G(2)+ΔG(CH4)]= 2*(-228.6)+4*(-137.1)-3*(-394.4)-(-50.8)= 228.4 /
), .. ΔG) < 0
296.
) 4HCl + O2 = 2Cl2 + H2O ΔG = 2ΔG(H2O) - 4ΔG(HCl) = -2*228.6 + 4*94.8 = -78 /
) 2HF + O3 = F2 + O2 + 2H2O ΔG = -2*228.6 + 2*272.8 = 88.4 /
) H2O2 + O3 = 2O2 + H2O ΔG = ΔG(H2O) - ΔG(H2O2) = -237.2 + 120.4 = -116.8 /
) + H2O = CO + H2 ΔG = ΔG(CO) - ΔG(H2O) = -137.1 + 228.6 = 91.5 /
) ), .. ΔG < 0
297.
N2 + O2 = 2NO |
ΔH = 2ΔH(NO) = 2*90.2 = 180.4 / ΔS = 2ΔS(NO) - ΔS(N2) - ΔS(O2) = 2*210.6 - 191.5 - 205.0 = 24.7 /(K) |
T1 =1273 K ΔG = ΔH - TΔS = 18040 - 1273*24.7 = 179.16 / T2 =2273 K ΔG = ΔH - TΔS = 18040 - 2273*24.7 = 124.26 / T3 =3273 K ΔG = ΔH - TΔS = 18040 - 3273*24.7 = 99.56 / T4 =5273 K ΔG = ΔH - TΔS = 18040 - 5273*24.7 = 50.16 / T5 =10273 K ΔG = ΔH - TΔS = 18040 - 10273*24.7 = -73.34 / |
7400 |
298. (ΔG), - ΔG. , . . - . , . , , 22, N2O3, Cl2O7 .
|
|
299. 222 = 22 + 2. , .. . ΔG = 2ΔG(2) - 2ΔG(22) = -2*241.8 + 2*187.8 = -108 /, .. .
300. , .. , .. , . - : ΔG = -z*F*E, z - , F - , E - .
.
301. . : , , , . - , - , . .. , , .
302. . : . .
: N2()+O2() = 2NO2(), N2O4 () = 2 NO2 ();
: Ca() + 2H2O() = Ca(OH)2() + H2(), CuO() = Cu() + 1/2O2().
303. ( ). , . .
. : Cl2 = 2Cl, : + + l- = HCl, : 3O2 = 2O3.
: : 2Ca + O2 = 2CaO => CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2, : Ca + Cl2 = CaCl2 Ca + F2 = CaF2, : l2 = 2Cl*, Cl* + CH4 = CH3* + HCl, CH3* + Cl2 = CH3Cl + Cl* ..
- , , .
304. : , , , .
305. . , , . - . , , .
306. ) 2HI = H2 + I2, V = *2(HI) , 2 V/ = *(2(HI))2 , V/ / V = 4 .
) N2O4 = 2NO2, V = * (N2O4), 2 V/ = *(2(N2O4)), V/ / V = 2 .
) 2NO +H2 = N2O + H2O, V = *2(N2O) *P(H2), 2 V/ = *(2(N2O)) 2 *2P(H2), V/ / V = 8 .
307. a) 2NO +Cl2 = 2NOCl, V = *2(NO)*P(Cl2), 3 V/ = *(3(NO))2 * 3P(Cl2), V/ / V = 27 .
|
|
) H2 + OH= H2O + H, V = *(OH)*P(H2), 3 V/ = *3(OH)*3P(H2), V/ / V = 9 .
) Cl2 = 2Cl, V = *P(Cl2), 3 V/ = *3P(Cl2), V/ / V = 3 .
308. ) O2+H = OH + O, V = *(H) *P(O2), 4 V/ = *4(H) *4P(O2), V/ / V = 16 .
) H2+Y2 = 2HY, V = *(H2)*P(Y2), 4 V/ = *4(H2)*4P(Y2), V/ / V = 16 .
) 2NO+O2 = 2NO2, V = *2(NO2)*P(O2), 4 V/ = *(4(NO2) )2 *4P(O2), V/ / V = 64 .
309. H2+Br2 = 2HBr, V = K*[H2]*[Br2]1/2 . 1+1 =2, 1+1/2=1,5. , - . ) V/=K*4[H2]*[Br2]1/2 , V/ / V= 4 .
) V//=K*[H2]*(4[Br2])1/2 , V// / V= 2 .
) V///=K*4[H2]*(4[Br2])1/2 , V// / V= 8 .
310. F2+ 2ClO2=2ClO2F, V=K*[F2]*[ClO2], , .. (2) (3) . 3 : V/ = K*3[F2]*3[ClO2], V/ / V = 9 .
311. 2NO +2H2 = N2 + 2H2O, ) [H2] = 0,12 /. [NO] 2 , 4 , .. [NO] 2. ) [NO] = 1,12 /. [H2] 2 , 2 - [H2] = 1. .. : V = K*[H2]1 *[NO]2.
312. SO2+2H2=S+2H2O, ) [SO2]=200. [H2] 2 , 2 , .. [H2] 1. ) [H2]=200. [SO2] 2 , 2 - [SO2]=1. .. : V=K*[H2]1 *[SO2]1.