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31. , .. , . (...), 1/12 12. Ar(Na) = 23 ..., Mr(NaOH) = 40 ..., Mr(H2SO4) = 98 ...

32. () () 1/12 12. = 32/6.02*1023 = 5.31*10-23 . = 5.31*10-23 * 109 = 5.31*10-14 .

33. ( ). 6.02*1023 . .

34. Mr 1/12 12. - , (, , ..), 1/12 12. - . () = 56 /, (3) = 100 /, (()2) = 74 /.

35. - . - , (, , ..), 1/12 12. Na = 6.02*1023. - . (2) = 44 /, (HN3) = 63 /, (2SO4) = 98 /, (NH3) = 17 /.

36. - , - . - (2 - 18 /), (4 - 16 /), (NH3 - 17 /), (H2SO4 - 98 /). - (Cl2 - 71 /), (Ca - 40 /).

37. , , : . , , : .

38. - . - , (, , ..), 1/12 12 - Na = 6.02*1023 ( ). - . , , , . Cl2 75 , HCl 36,5 , HClO 52,5 , 6.02*1023 .

39. ) m(N2) = M(N2)/Na = 28/6.02*1023 = 4.65*10-23. ) = 28 ... ) = 28 . ) = 1/4.65*10-23 = 2.15*1022 . 14 = 14/4.65*10-23 = 3.01*1023 . 28 = 28/4.65*1023 = 6.02*1023 .

40. = (2)/Na = 18/6.02*1023 = 2.99*10-23. 0.1 0.1/2.99*10-23 = 3.34*1021 . , 3.34*1021/(60*60*24*365) = 1.06*1014 .

41. m(I2)/M(I2)*Na = 1000*6.02*1023/254 = 2,37*1024 . , 2,37*1024 /(60*60*24*365) = 7.52*1016 .

42. (Na = 6.02*1023) 12, 12 . . 1 . . - - : .

43. Na = 6.0224*1023. . 12, 12 . .

44. ) 1 . H2 n(H2) = m/M = 1/2 = 0.5 .

) 4 . NaOH n(NaOH) = m/M = 4000/40 = 100

) 135 . Al n(Al) = m/M = 135/27 = 5

45. ) 0.8 . CuO n(CuO) = m/M = 800/80 = 10 .

) 220 . Na2CO3 n(Na2CO3) = m/M = 220000/106 = 2075,5

) 56 . KOH n(KOH) = m/M = 56/56 = 1

46. ) 9.8 . H2SO4 n(H2SO4) = m/M = 9.8/98 = 0.1 .

) 98 . H3PO4 n(H3PO4) = m/M = 98/98 = 1

) 160 . O2 n(O2) = m/M = 160/32 = 5

47. ) 1000 H2 m(H2) = n*M = 1000*2 = 2000 .

) 10 NaCl m(NaCl) = n*M = 10*58,5 = 585

) 200 NH3 m(NH3) = n*M = 200*17 = 3400 .

48. ) 5 Ar m(Ar) = n*M = 5*40 = 200 .

) 1 Fe m(Fe) = n*M = 1*56 = 56

) 0.1 Au m(Au) = n*M = 0.1*197 = 19.7 .

49. ) 50 Mg m(Mg) = n*M = 50*24 = 1200 .

) 10 Br2 m(Br2) = n*M = 10*160 = 1600

) 0.1 KMnO4 m(KMnO4) = n*M = 0.1*158 = 15.8 .

50. , , 1 . NaOH , 1 . KOH. N = n*Na = (m*Na)/M

NaOH, KOH.

51. HNO3 , H2SO4, 1 . HNO3 , 1 . H2SO4. N = n*Na = (m*Na)/M

HNO3, H2SO4

52. m(H2) = m(N2) = m(CO2)=1.

.. n = m/M, n(H2): n(N2): n(CO2) = 1/2: 1/28: 1/44 = 1: 1/14: 1/22.

.. N = n*Na, N(H2): N(N2): N(CO2) = 1*6.02*1023: 1/14*6.02*1023: 1/22*6.02*1023 = 1: 1/14: 1/22.

53. a) n(NaNO3) = 5 . n(N) = n(NaNO3) = 5 . m(N) = n*M = 5*14 = 70.

) n(NH4NO3) = 5 . n(N) = 2n(NH4NO3) = 10 . m(N) = n*M = 10*14 = 140.

54. V(H2O) = 3 . , m(H2) = 3 . n(H2O) = m/M = 3000/18 = 166.67 . 1 , 166.67 166.67 : n(CS2) = 166.67 . m(CS2) = n*M = 166.67*76 = 12666.7 .

55. V(H2O) = 2 . , m(H2) = 2 . n(H2O) = m/M = 2000/18 = 111.11 . 1 6.02*1023 , 111.11*6.02*1023 = 6.69*1025 .

56. m(Sx) = 4.25*10-22 . = (4.25*10-22 * 6.02*1023)/Ar(S) = 255/32 = 8 , 6.02*1023 - , Ar(S) - .

57. m(x) = 2.056*10-22 . = (2.056*10-22 * 6.02*1023)/Ar() = 124/31 = 4 , 6.02*1023 - , Ar() - .

58. m(x) = 8*10-23 . = (8*10-23 * 6.02*1023)/Ar() = 48/16 = 3 , 6.02*1023 - , Ar() - .

59. m(Na2CO3*x(H2O)) = 14.3 ., m(Na2CO3) = 5.3 .

) : n(Na2CO3) = m/M = 5.3/106 = 0.05 . ) m(H2O) = m(Na2CO3*x(H2O)) - m(Na2CO3) = 14.3 - 5.3 = 9 .

) n(H2O) = m/M = 9 / 18 = 0.5 , , = 0.5 / 0.05 = 10; : Na2CO3*10(H2O).

60. m(FeSO4*x(H2O)) = 277.91 ., m(FeSO4) = 151,91 .

) : n(FeSO4) = m/M = 151.91/152 = 1 . ) m(H2O) = m(FeSO4*x(H2O)) - m(FeSO4) = 277.91 - 151,91 = 126 .

) n(H2O) = m/M = 126 / 18 = 7 , , = 7 / 1 = 7; : FeSO4*7(H2O).





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