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Market and Command Economies




I

 

1

( 1 ( 1 ) I , !!!)

Ż

1 (System of Government + Government)

System of Government

The United Kingdom is aconstitutional monarchy; the official head of state is the monarch (at present Elizabeth II), whose powers are limited by the constitution. The United Kingdom constitution is not embodied in a single document, but is the result of a long process of growth. The constitution is a set of rules, many of which are customs or conventions (unwritten rules) that have come to be accepted through the fact of being observed though they have no defined authority. Acts of Parliament (also called laws or statutes) have defined some aspects of the constitutional system. The system is flexible and can be altered by Act of Parliament, or by general agreement to create, change or abolish a convention.

 

The organs of government are clearly distinguishable although their functions often overlap. Parliament is the supreme legislative body and is the supreme authority in the United Kingdom.

 

The executive consists of:

a) the Government Cabinet and other ministers who are responsible for introducing and directing national policy;

b) government departments, which are responsible for national administration;

c) local authorities, which administer and manage many local services;

d) public corporations responsible for the operation of particular nationalized industries or, for example, of a social or cultural service, subject to ministerial control in varying degrees.

Government

Her Majesty's Government is the body of ministers responsible for the administration of national affairs.

The Prime Minister

The Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen, and all other ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is normally the leader of the party which secured a majority in the House of Commons as the result of a general election. The Prime Minister is also, by tradition, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for Civil Service. The head of the government became known as the Prime Minister during the eighteenth century. Although Sir Robert Walpole is generally recognized as the first Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel (1834 35 and 1841 46) was probably the first minister to find himself in a position closely resembling that of a modern Prime Minister.

 

The Prime Minister's unique position of authority derives from majority support in Parliament and from the power to choose ministers and to obtain their resignation or dismissal individually. By modern convention, the Prime Minister always sits in the House of Commons. He is assisted by other ministers, all of whom are collectively responsible for the Government's administration.

 

The word minister is used in a general sense, yet today all ministers who are chiefs of departments carry the title Secretary of State. There were fifteen in 1978, but the head of the department of Agriculture was the only one with the title minister. Some chiefs of departments still have out-moded titles, such as Chancellor of the Exchequer who is in charge of the Department of finance and Lord Chancellor, the head of the Justice Department.

1 (Market and Command Economies + INFLATION AND PRICES)

 

Market and Command Economies

 

Economics is a science that analyses what, how, and for whom society produces. The central economic problem is to reconcile the conflict between people's unlimited demands with society's ability to produce goods and services.

 

In industrial Western countries markets are to allocate resources. The market is the process by which production and consumption are coordinated through prices.

 

In a command economy, a central planning office makes decisions on what, how, and for whom to produce. Economy cannot rely entirely on command, but there was extensive planning in many Soviet bloc countries.

 

A free market economy has no government intervention. Resources are allocated entirely through markets.

 

Modern economies in the West are mixed and rely mainly on the market but with a large doze of government intervention. The optimal level of government intervention remains a problem which is of interest to economists.

 

The degree of government restrictions differs greatly between countries that have command economies and countries that have free market economies. In the former, resources are allocated by central government planning. In the latter, there is not any government regulation of the consumption, production, and exchange of goods. Between the two main types lies the mixed economy where market and government are both of importance.

INFLATION AND PRICES

Here is a part of a television programme about inflation and prices in the U.K.

The prices are for a pound of food, not a kilo. A pound is about 450 grams.

The reporter:

Inflation in Britain is running at about 15 per cent. These figures don't seem to mean very much, but when you look at the price of food, you understand what inflation means to the ordinary person. These are the prices you have to pay in the supermarket. Flour is 40 pence a pound and rice is 50. For a pound of sugar you'll have to pay 15 pence. Compare that with the price of sugar four years ago and you can see a real price difference.

Tomatoes are 1 pound sterling that's because it's a little early for tomatoes at the moment. Potatoes are 30 pence a pound. Peas and beans are 60 and 90, apples are 75. Onions are 60 pence a pound, bananas 50 and and sausages, the children's favourite, are 2 pounds sterling. Cheese has reached incredible 3 pounds sterling a pound, and if you follow me over here to the meat counter, you'll see a lot more. London has been truly called the most expensive city in the world, though, like all other cities, if you know your way around, you can always find lower prices than people normally pay. Transport is expensive in London compared with other places. The fares on the underground and taxi fares are very high.

Some things are really expensive, accommodation for instance.

Telephone calls to another London number, to say nothing about long distance calls, are rather expensive.

And clothes?.. It's difficult to find an average price for clothes, because there is a big difference in the price range, depending on the kind of shop you buy your clothes in and what quality you buy.

( I )

 

I. : ; , 's .

 

II. : .

 

III. : (, ,

).

 

IV. there + to be.

 

V. to be, to have Present, Past, Future Indefinite.

 

VI. ; ; . .

 

(THE NOUN)

 

(a cottage, a lamp), (a girl, a boy), (iron, milk), (spring, movemen t), (beauty, coldness), (rest, cooperation, honesty).

: a door, the door, on the table, over the table.

(the Volga, London, Jane) (a tree, a crowd, a city). (carpet, pen) (snow, sugar), (coal, wool) ( knowledge, information) (group, army).

:

1) : The lesson begins at 8.

2) ( ): She gave the child a cake.

3) : My son is a doctor.

4) : The Minsk Underground is new.

5) , , .: The student made some mistakes in his test. We saw this play at the theatre on Friday.

, . , , he (), - she (). , , it (, , ).


(tiger - tigress, poet - poetess) . , : a girl-friend, she-cat.

: .

-s -es ( s, ss, x, ch, ): day - days, hero - heroes. -s(-es) [ z ] (door [do:z], walls [wo:lz]), [ s ] (shops [ﻛops], states [steits] [iz] (speeches [spi:tﻛiz], boxes [ boksiz]).

, - , -es, - -i: city - cities, factory - factories. - , -s: toy - toys, key - keys.

, -f, f v -es: leaf - leaves, wolf - wolves, wife - wives.

, -f -fe, -s: chief chiefs, roof roofs, safe - safes, belief beliefs. :


man

woman

child

tooth

foot

goose

mouse

ox

 

men

women

children

teeth

feet

geese

mice

oxen


.


deer

swine

fish

sheep

 

deer

swine

fish

sheep


: iron - , sugar - , love -, hair , money , advice , information - , progress - , knowledge - , news -, peace - , fruit - , series - , .

The news is sad. . I will give you some good advice. .

: glasses/spectacles - , trousers - , scissors - , shorts .

These trousers are too long. .

Where are my spectacles? ?

goods - , contents - , clothes - , riches - , wages - .

Your clothes are wet. .

The goods are of high quality. () .

, , . , - :

My family is large. .

All the family are at the table. ( ) .

people - , police - , cattle - .

The police know about the stolen money. .

 

: (The Common case) (The Possessive case). . whose? ?, . , ,

) : amonth's holiday, a mile's distance.

) , , , - country, city, world, model, ship, town, nature, the moon, the sea.

) , , : ten roubles' worth, a kilo's weight, at the baker's.

) : army, party, company, government, family .: government's decisions, party's money.

?, , , . , :

That is my brother's car. .

, (year / month / week / day /...) (mile / kilometre /...):

Have you heard today's news? ?

It was a 15 miles' journey. 15 / 15- .

/ / : the butcher's => ; the baker's => ; the greengrocer's =>

:

1. ; s : father's car => ; my mother's room => ; a woman's dress => (-) ; a week's rest =>

2. -s ; ; :

girls' room => ; my friends' car => ; ten days' rest =>

: -s , , 1: woman women's dresses => ;

man men's cars => ; child children's bedroom =>

/ f, : Are you a friend of John's? Are you John's friend? ( ) ? I've got a book of yours. I've got your book. ( ) .

 

, , , : / / .

.

1. ( ) :

small smaller (the) smallest /
large larger (the) largest /

: ;

:

) :

bi g => bi gg er => (the) bi gg est

) - , - -i:

eas y => eas ier => (the) eas iest;

earl y => earl ier => (the) ear liest

) -er -est - (. large);

.

2. ( ) :

, : beautiful => more beautiful => (the) most beautiful => ;

easily => more easily => (the) most easily => .

/ less least: less beautiful => (the) least beautiful => .

: more / less most / least, , , , , - / -est ; - , : crisp more crisp (the) most crisp , crisp crisper (the) crispest .

:

good Better (the) best /
well
bad Worse (the) worst /
badly
many More / (the) most /
much
little less / (the) least /
far farther / further / (the) farthest (the) furthest
far
old elder (the) eldest

: little , ;
; , small (. );

elder / eldest , : My father is elder than my mother. => . This is my eldest son. => ;

1: old => older => (the) oldest.

most (a most) , : a most beautiful girl => . most ( of) / :

Most people like this. => . Most of them will not be able to come. => .

, : is the best. => .

than => ;
, , one :

My car is bigger than their one / theirs. , .

These cigars are stronger than those ones. , .

( ), ( , ):

She reads more than him / he does. , .

You are taller than me / I am. , .

came earlier than them / they did. , .

: I know him better than her. ( ) , .

I know him better than she does. , .

as... as => ()... () / ()... (): She is as beautiful as my mother. , .

not so... as => ... : I am not so beautiful as her / she is. , .

as... as ; as , : My sister is twice as beautiful (as yours). ().

His car is about three times as big (as my car). ().

half :

This liquid is half as strong (as that one). ().

I have half as much money (as you have). ( }.

; much (): much more / less beautiful => / . ..., ... the + ... the + ...:

The sooner you do it the better. , .

The faster you come the more you will get. , .

 

, , .. , .

: , , , , , -, ().

(The Personal Pronouns)

, , , .. , . : .





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