1500 . . .
TCP- IP , . . , , IP- , , , .. . ( ). , . . , . , , . TCP- .
, TCP- IP-, TCP- . - , . , - . TCP . , .
, IP , TCP , , . - .
. , . , - , , .. . , , , , . . . / . .
, Internet- - , Web- - . . - , , . , . Internet . . - , , . ARPAnet, , , (, ), .
|
|
7.9,2. fldpecciuuo
, , , IP-.
IP- . IP-. , IP- . , - IP- , .
IP- ..., 0 255. IP-: 193.27.61.137. IP- , . . , IP- :
11000001. 00011011. 00111101. 10001001.
IP- , : 4 * 8=32. : 1 0, 2 256, .. 0 255. 2 , .. 4,3 , .
: Net Host. Net- , , . Host, , .
.
, . , , 163. 25. 51. 132. , . , , . , 1983 . DNS- (Domain Name System), IP-. www. myname. gorod. ru.
|
|
. , .
, , , DNS- .
7.9.3.
' Web e-mail, , . , http://www.microsoft.com microsoft.com. e-mail- [email protected] rambler.ru.
.
. , , , , , . , . , .
. : addressx.msk.ru, addressy.spb.ru. , . , , , .
IP- DNS-.
group, facult. univers. rst. ru.
. IP-. facult. univers, rst - , ru .
: - , be - .. .
, :
com ,
edu ,
gov ,
mil ,
net ,
org .
.
, .
, www. continent, rst. ru ru , , rst - , - .
. 1995 . IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force - ) IP IP v. 6 ( IP v. 4), 32- IP- 128- . 296 , . . 2. , , .
IP- DNS- :
, IP-, IP- ;
DNS- ,
IP- , ( DNS- );
|
|
: IP-address , , IP-address DNS-, ;
, .
, group, facult. univers. rst. com, . ' DNS- , IP- , DNS- IP-.
. DNS- , , , .
. DNS-, DNS DNS-, IP-. . , . DNS- , , .
7.9.4.
ISP- - . . , . , , .. , . ( 4 ).
, - , .., - .
- . 56 /, . ?
. , ( 3400 ). , , .
DSL- (Digital Subscriber Line ) . xDSL, DSL. , . , . DSL , .
xDSL . , . , Web- , . , .
|
|
ADSL (Asymmetrical DSL), DSL, , . - , . 1 / ( ) 8 / . . ADSL- , , . Web- , .
ADSL: ( ), ( ADSL ).
ADSL: . . 3 8 /, 5 - 1,5 /.
ADSL-. ADSL- , 241100 4 , . , 249 . ADSL- . , ADSL-. , , , : ADSL-, . , . , ,
. , DSLAM. DSLAM .
DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) , , DSL- .
ADSL - . , . , .
DSL- . , . , , , , . , - . , .
, . 64 /. , 256 /. , .
- , . ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network).
ISDN . ISDN- - 64 /. , , - . -- . D- (16 /), .
|
|
. , ISDN- , 128 /. ISDN . ISDN- . ISDN .
- . , , . , . . , , DSL.
ADSL, , . . , , , , . . , . , ADSL.
. , . , / ( ). , . . .
. : . .
2,4 . , , . 30 .
: , ( ), ( / ), ( , , ).
. , , ASDL-. : .
. , , .
, . . , , . , , , .
, . . . , . , , .
, , . , Nor.web United Utilities DPL (Digital Power Line), 120/220 1 /.
, DPL- . , , .
, Internet-. , .
7.9.5. URL
, URL (Uniform Resource Locator ), , , .
URL , , . URL, , , , , , .
URL:
http://www.abc.def.ru/kartinki/SLIDE.htm
http:// (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) , Web-, , .
www.abc.def.ru .
kartinki/SLIDE.htm -, . html, SLIDE.htm, kartinki.
, URL, , Web-, . , Web-, , Web- , .
URL . , Web- , -.
URL : ( ) [://<>: <>](/<>< >[/<
>].
URL , HTTP:// ( ), FTP:// (File Transfer Protocol ) ..
URL- , . , . . IP- . , Web- FTP-, Web- 80, FTP- 21. : WWW - 80, FTP - 21, ECHO ~ 7, TELNET - 23, SMTP - 25, GOPHER 70 .. , 80. , , HTTP.
, Web- , , 920. , , , aaa.bbb.com, URL http: //aaa.bbb.com:920.
URL- . , , Web-. , HTTP- Web- index.html.
7.9,6.