4. We often use can + verb in place of the simple present with the verbs of perception.
I can see a bird = I see.
Strong doubt or astonishment = .
Can|could he + inf do smth? , .
He cant + inf do smth? , .
MAY
We use may|might:
1. To ask a permission|to give a permission.
2. To talk about possible happenings in the future (, ).
I may go to Italy.
3. To talk about possible plans.
4. Reproach (only might) ( ) .
Uncertainty, supposition implying strong doubt. , .
23. Modal verbs (will, shall, would, need, dare). Meaning and use.
Shall is never a purely modal verb. It always combines its modal meaning with the function of an auxiliary expressing futurity. .
It expresses determination on the part of the speaker, i. e. compulsion ororder, threat or warning, promise. ³ , ' , , .
As a rule shall as a modal verb is not translated into Russian, its meaning is rendered by emphatic intonation. .
1. Shall expresses volition ( ) with the first person subject in formal style.
We shall uphold the wishes of the people. .
2. In interrogative sentences shall is used with the first and third persons to inquire after the wish of the person addressed. 1 3 , .
Shall he go there? (Do you want him to go there?) ?
It is also used for making suggestions about shared activities.
What shall we do this evening? Shall we go to the theatre?
3. Compulsion () or strict order. In this meaning it is always used with the 2nd and 3rd person and has a strong stress.
By God, you shall do nothing of the sort.- , .
4. Threat () or warning. In this meaning it is also used with the second and third persons and with a weak stress.
"You shall never see me again!" - !
5. Promise. It is also used with the second and third persons and with a weak stress.
You shall not be punished. - .
Will.
Willis hardly ever a purely modal verb. It generally combines its modal meaning with the function of an auxiliary expressing futurity. .
The modal verb willexpresses volition, intention on the part of the speaker, or insistence. , , .
It is used with all persons but mostly with the first person.
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Tell Mr. Osborne it is a cowardly letter, sir, a cowardly letter I will not answer it. (Thackeray)
, , , ; .
Very often willis used after the conjunction ifin conditional clauses where it retains its modal meaning, that of volition.
You may laugh if you will but I was sure I should see her there. (E. Bronte)
, , , .
The modal verb willis used in polite requests. .
Willyou have a cup of tea?Willyou give me a piece of bread, for I am very hungry?
2.Persistence referring to the present or to the future. .
"Don't tell me." "But I will tell you," repeated Sikes. (Dickens)
He . , .
It is also used in speaking about lifeless things when the speaker is annoyed at something and speaks about a thing or a phenomenon of nature as if it possessed a will of its own (there is an element of personification here).
³ , ,
It's no use trying to open the door, it will notopen.
Would
Wouldwas originally the past tense of will. Wouldhas preserved those of will.
Thus it expresses volition, persistence referring to the past. , , .
1.Volition.
In this meaning it is mostly used in negative sentences.
She was going away and would notsay where she was going. (Dreiser)
, .
2.Persistence. .
I asked him not to bang the door, but he would do it.
, .
Dare.
Daremeans 'to have the courage (or impertinence) to do something'. ( ) ".
In the negative it denotes the lack of courage to do something. , .
"How dareyou ask the little Kelveys into the courtyard".
Darehas two forms dare for the Present and dared for the Past.
Didhe dareto strikeme when I was down? (E. Bronte)
Hedid not dareto meethis uncle.(Kruisinga)
Sometimes daretakes the auxiliary but is followed by the bare infinitive.
You know you didn't daregivethe order to charge the bridge until you saw us on the other side. (Shaw)
Dareis mostly used in interrogative and negative sentences.
However, we often come across I dare say which has become a stock phrase and acquired a new meaning 'I suppose'. Dareis used only with the Indefinite Infinitive.
Need.
Need expresses necessity. It is mostly used in negative and interrogative sentences.
You needn'tbe in such a fright. Take my arm. (Shaw)
He . .
N o t e.When need is used in the meaning of 'to be in want of' it is treated as a normal verb.
He needs a new pair of shoes.
Need has only one tense form the Present. In the same way as dare, need is used as a normal and as an anomalous verb.
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One needto be careful. (Zandvoort)
He did not needto be toldtwice. (Zandvoort)
Why need he bother us? (Kruisinga)
I am here. You needn'tbe afraid. (Greene)
I need hardly say I would do anything in the world to ensure Gwendolen's happiness. (Wilde)
Need is used both with the Indefinite and with the Perfect Infinitive.
I suppose I needn'thave madethat observation. (Pinero)
, .
24. Modal verbs (must, should, ought to, to be to, to have to). Meaning and use.
Must.
The verb musthas only one form. The expressions to have toand to be obliged to,which have the same meaning, can be used to supply the missing tense forms of the verbmust.
And now I must go back to my social duties. (Voynich)
I felt that I had to have the air.(De la Roche)
Baring, because of the type of work in which he was engaged, had been obliged to forego making friends. (Wilson)
Mustexpresses obligation, necessity, an urgent command or prohibition, and a supposition bordering on assurance. B ', , y y, , .
1.Obligation, necessity. ',
(a) due tocircumstances ( ' ):
He must write. He must earn money. (London)
The absence of necessity is expressed by need not:
Must I go there to-morrow? Yes, you must. No, you needn't,
