In silence the soup was finished excellent, if a little thick; and fish was brought. In silence it was handed. (Galsworthy)
Tom Tusher was sent off early, however, to a school in London. (Thackeray)
(b) with the doer of the action being mentioned. This occurs only when the doer of the action is to some extent emphasized. . .
The noun or pronoun denoting the doer of the action is introduced by the preposition by. , 䳿 by.
They were thus introduced by Holly.(Galsworthy)
This room was dimly lighted from the ceiling by a single electric lamp. (Bennett)
18. Non-finite forms of the verb.
A nonfinite verb is a verb that does not function as the predicate verb in a clause. 䳺, 䳺 .
While some nonfinite verbs take the form of past or present participles, they are generally not inflectedthat is, they dont have mood, tense, number, aspect, gender, or person.
There are three main types of nonfinite verbs: gerunds, infinitives, and participles.
Gerunds ( )
A gerund is an -ing verb that functions as a noun for example:
Are you into reading? Sailing is my favorite sport.
When the same words are used as adjectives (), they are participles.
Infinitives ( )
Infinitives are noninflected verbs that are often preceded by to. They may function as adverbs ():
I struggle to understand.
They may function as nouns:
To read is good for the mind.
And they may function as adjectives:
I dont have time to eat.
Participles 䳺 (䳺 )
Participles are -ed and -ing verbs that function as adjectives for example:
The sleeping cat is brown.
The freshly picked tomatoes look delicious.
I am going to the store.
The kids were dropped off at school.
Nonfinite clauses
A nonfinite clause is a dependent clause whose main verb is nonfinite.
It may function as a noun, adjective, or adverb (, , ):
Your calling me was very considerate.
The firetruck, blaring its siren, sped down the road.
We wanted to bring you a present.
19. Predicative constructions with the infinitive.
The Objective with the Infinitive is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case. In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object.
Hes a wonderful teacher and Ive never seen him lose his temper or get angry about anything. , , - -.
However, sometimes a sentence containing the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is rendered by a simple sentence.
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...the bombings at night made the old walls shake to their foundations. (Heym)
... ( ).
1. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting sense perception ( ), such as to hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to observe, to notice, etc.
After verbs of sense perception only the Indefinite Infinitive Active is used. If the meaning is passive we use Participle II.
I saw the fire slowly conquered. , .
If a process is expressed Participle I Indefinite Active is used.
He saw Fleur coming. (Galsworthy)
After the verbs to see and to notice the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is not used with the verb to be; a subordinate clause is used in such cases.
I saw that he was pale.
2. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting mental activity, such as to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to imagine, to find, to feel, to trust, etc. After verbs of mental activity in the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction the verb to be is generally used.
I know you to be the most honest, spotless creature that ever lived. (Hardy)
, , - .
I believe him to have no conscience at all. (Hardy)
, .
3. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs of declaring: to pronounce, to declare, to report.
The surgeon pronounced the wound to be a slight one.
, .
4. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting wish and intention: to want, to wish, to desire, to mean, to intend, to choose (in the meaning of ).
I want you to come and dine with me. (Dickens)
, .
5. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs and expressions denoting feeling and emotion: to like, to dislike, to love, to hate, cannot bear, etc.
I dislike you to talk like that.
, .
6. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting order and permission: to order, to allow, to suffer, to have etc.
Mr. Merdle ordered his carriage to be ready early in the morning. (Dickens)
, .
7. The Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting compulsion: to make (in the meaning of ), to cause (in the meaning of , ), to get (in the meaning of ), to have (in the meaning of ; ).
The noise caused her to awake.
Or ( ).
1 cannot get her to finish her lessons. (A. Bronte)
, .
The Subjective Infinitive Construction.
The Subjective Infinitive Construction is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case.
The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate.
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Edith is said to resemble me. (Dickens)
, .
