We distinguish 2 uses of the Past Perfect Continuous: the Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive.
1.The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive denotes an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still going on at that moment.
- , .
The preposition for is used to denote the whole period of duration.
Since is used to indicate the starting point of the action.
We could not go out because it had been raining since early morning.
With verbs not admitting of the Continuous form the Past Perfect Inclusive is the only tense possible.
In negative sentences the PPCInclusive can be used, but it is far less common than the Past Perfect Inclusive.
With certain non-terminative verbs both the Past Perfect Inclusive and the Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive are used.
He said he had worked for twenty years. (The fact is emphasized.)
2.The Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive denotes an action which was no longer going on at a definite moment in the past, but which had been in progress not long before.
, .
I sobbed a little still, but that was because I had been crying, not because I was cryingthen. (Dickens)
15. Ways of showing future actions in English.
The present tense used as a future tense. , Simple Present
2. Very often, we use a present tense in English to talk about future events.
Where are you going next summer?
Although this dialogue clearly refers to the future, the verbs are all in forms of the present. There is no will, no going to.
Simple present form of the verb can be used to refer to the action in the future if it is thought of a foregone and does not express any personal attitude of the speaker to the statement.
simple present , - , , , :
"The train comes at 10:20." - 10:20.
"The play starts at 19 oclock tomorrow." - 19 .
"He is twenty tomorrow." - 20 .
"It is spring soon." - .
The form of the simple present is also used in subordinate clauses of time and condition (conditional clauses). (conditional clauses):
"She must wait untill I come. " - , .
|
|
|
"When she comes home I will be making dinner." - , .
The Will Future
, , " will ", :
sudden, unplanned decision to commit any act:
"Somebody's come. I will open the door." - - . , .
remarks opinions, assumptions:
"I think it will not help." - , .
for registration of the expected future (News, an official statement):
"The teams will face each other two times during two weekends in two countries." - .
The Shall Future
, , "shall".
If the action is forced to depend on the will of others or external circumstances, it is used modal verb "shall":
"Shall he stay?" - ?
"You shall pay for this!" - ! (: ).
"If you lose your identity card, you shall pay a fine." - , .
