EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
1. Classification of the parts of speech in English.
According to their meaning, morphological characteristics and syntactical functions, words fall under certain classes called parts of speech. We distinguish between notional and structural parts of speech.
The notional parts of speech perform certain functions in the sentence.
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The notional parts of speech are:
1. the noun
2. the adjective (yellow, bad, good)
3. the pronoun (I, you, we, you)
4. the numeral
5. the verb 䳺
6. the adverb ( ? ? ? ? ? , , , , )
7. the words of the category of state
8. the modal words
9. the interjection
The structural parts of speech either express relations between words or sentences or emphasize the meaning of words or sentences. They never perform any function in the sentence.
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Here belong:
1. the preposition ( at, before, between, by, down, during, for, from, in, into, like, near, of, off, on, to, under, with and within)
2. the conjunction (and, but, and or)
3. the particle
4. the article (only, just, but, alone)
The words of the category of state
1. The words of the category of state denote the temporary state or condition of persons or things.
2. As regards form the words of the category of state have the prefix a-:
ablaze, afire, aflame, afoot, afraid, asleep, awake, etc.
3. They are mainly used in the function of a predicative.
He is awake! Sally cried.
Words of the category of state may be used as objective predicatives ( ).
She was saying that she intended to leave him entirely alone again.
Words of the category of state may be sometimes used as attributes (). As attributes they may be only used in post-position.
4. Words of the category of state can be modified by adverbs of degree ():
He immediately came fully awake.
Words of the category of state may take prepositional indirect objects.
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You were afraid of the war?she asked compassionately.
The modal words.
The modal words express the attitude of the speaker to the reality, possibility or probability, of the action he speaks about.
, .
According to their meaning modal words fall under the following main groups:
(1) words expressing certainty () (certainly, surely, of course, no doubt, apparently, undoubtedly, etc.);
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(2) words expressing supposition () (perhaps, maybe, possibly, probably, etc.);
(3) words showing whether the speaker considers the action he speaks about desirable or undesirable (happily unhappily; luckily unluckily; fortunately unfortunately).
In the sentence modal words are used as parentheses. Sometimes they are used as sentence-words.
2. Noun as a notional part of speech in English. Plural of the nouns in English.
1. The noun is a word expressing substance in the widest sense of the word.
In the concept of substance we include not only names of living beings (e. g. boy, girl, bird) and lifeless things (e. g. table, chair, book), but also names of abstract notions, i. e. qualities, states, actions (kindness, strength, sleep, fear, conversation, fight), abstracted from their bearers.
2. Nouns that can be counted have two numbers: singular and plural (e. g. singular: a girl, plural: girls).
3. Nouns denoting living beings have two case forms: the common case and the genitive case.
actor actr-ess
waiter waitr-ess
host host-ess
4. The chief syntactical functions of the noun in the sentence: noun can act as the subject and the object. But it may also be used as an attribute or a predicative.
A noun preceded by a preposition (a prepositional phrase) may be used as attribute, prepositional indirect object, and adverbial modifier.
5. According to their morphological composition we distinguish simple, derivative and compound nouns.
Simple nouns are nouns which have neither prefixes nor suffixes: chair, table, room, map, fish, work.
Derivative nouns are nouns which have prefixes or suffixes or both: read er, sail or, black ness, child hood, mis conduct, in experi ence.
Compound nouns are nouns built from two or more stems: appletree, snowball; blackbird, bluebell; pickpocket; dining-room, reading-hall, dancing-girl.
Possessive case of the nouns. .
Possessive case answers the question "Whose?" and is used to show ownership.
However, the possessive pattern ('s) is generally used when indicate a relation of ownership or association with a person, rather than a thing.
For example: Lynne's website kept growing larger and larger.
There are, as ever, exceptions to this rule. When a group of people is involved or animals.
For example: The members' forum. The dogs' tails.
