................................................................................................................. 4
1 ........................... 5
2 .............................. 6
2.1 腅6
2.2 .....11
2.3 充17
2.4 . ⅅ...26
2.5 , , 腅..32
2.6 ...40
2.7 酅..45
2.8 .51
2.9 - .55
2.10 - ....60
3 酅...68
3.1 ...68
3.2 .70
3.3 酅73
4 .92
5 .96
............................................................................................................97
.................................................................................98
c , 270800 . , .
, , .
.
, , .
.
, , , , , , , (), ().
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|
( 1.1).
1.1
, 3.1.
3.2.
( 3.1 3.2) , , .
. , , , .
, , .
, : , , , , , , , , , . ( -), , , . , , , , . , , .
, .
, , , - () - , - .
, , , , , 1/2 2SO4, 1/4 C, 1/3 Fe3+.
X 1/z(X), z , , ³ 1. , .
z . - z , . -
S + O2 = SO2
S0 - 4e- = S+4
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|
O2 + 4e- = 2O 2.
4 , 4 . , z . - ¼ S, ¼ 2.
z , , , .
:
H2SO4 + NaOH = NaHSO4 + H2O;
H2SO4 + 2 NaOH = Na2SO4 + 2 H2O.
NaOH, z = 1. , NaOH H2SO4. 1, H2SO4.
, NaOH 1/2 H2SO4, . H2SO4 , z = 2.
, z :
- z , ;
- z ;
- z ;
- z , .
n(1/z(X)). . 1 6,022×1023 .
(1/z(X)) 1 1/z(X), /.
, ,
(2.1.1)
, M(1/2H2SO4) = M(H2SO4):2 = 98:2 = 49 (/).
: , , .
n (1/z (X1)) = n (1/z (X2))(2.1.2)
, H2SO4 + 2NaOH = Na2SO4 + 2H2O
n(1/2 H2SO4) = n(NaOH) = n(1/2 Na2SO4) = n(H2O)
, , .
1 2
(2.1.3)
, 1, , :
;
V(X) X;
VM(1/z(X)) , ;
VM(X) , 22,4 /.
(2.1.3)
(2.1.4)
, .
:
, (2.1.5)
m , ;
n - , .
/.
, 1 .
NA= 6,02∙1023 -1.
VM:
VM = V: n, (2.1.6)
V - ;
n - , .
22,4 / ( ).
( ):
(2.1.7)
.
:
.=1+2++n, (2.1.8)
;
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|
1, 2, n .
:
(2.1.9)
, , m, , V :
, (2.1.10)
R , 8,314 .
1
Fe2(SO4)3
Fe2(SO4)3 + 6 NaOH = 2 Fe(OH)3 + 3 Na2SO4.
, NaOH. NaOH () 1/6 Fe2(SO4)3, (III) 1/6 Fe2(SO4)3.
(III)
M(1/6 Fe2(SO4)3) = M(Fe2(SO4)3) / 6 = 400 / 6 = 66,7 (/).
2
2,918 1,8 , 40 /. .
m() / m(NaOH) = M(1/z ) / M(1/1 NaOH).
M(1/z ) = 2,918 × 40 / 1,8 = 64,8 (/)
3
2,96 4,91 . .
, .
m(O2) = m() m() = 4,91 2,96 = 1,95 ().
: 20 + 4- = 22. 4 , , z = 4. 1/4 2, 1/4 O2, 8 /.
m(O2) / m(Me) = M(1/4 O2) / M(1/z Me);
M(1/z Me) :
M(1/z Me) = 2,96 × 8 / 1,95 = 12,1 (/)
4
, , 0,965, 2 25 99,8 . , 3,17 .
, . , . .
= = 99,8 3,17 = 96,63 .
, .
=D.×= 0,965 × 29 / 28 /.
m - .
;
, 2,18 .
, (, , ) , - . , , , .
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2.2.1.
(), , , , , , , .
, 2. , , ( 1), ( 1/2), ( 1/3) .
( ) , , , . - . N2O, NO, CO, SiO, OsO4 SO, SeO, TeO .
, ( ) .
, MgO, CuO ( ), CdO, HgO, VO, CrO, MnO, FeO, NiO, CoO, Bi2O3 . . ,
CaO + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O; SO3 + CaO = CaSO4.
, (+1, +2, +3). , MgO. .
BaO+H2O=Ba(OH)2
+H2O | - (-) | |||||||||
2
| ||||||||||
| + | - - | ||||||||
+ | ||||||||||
O2 | + | |||||||||
+H2O | (- ) |
2.2.1
.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3 ¯ + H2O
, (SiO2, TeO2, TeO3, MoO3, WO3 ), , .
P2O5+3H2O=2H3PO4
, : +4, +7. CO2, SiO2, SO2, SO3, P2O5, N2O3, NO2, N2O5, B2O3, CrO3, Mn2O7 .
, .
ZnO+ 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2O;
ZnO + 2NaOH +H2O = Na2[Zn(OH)4].
, +2 +3, +4. BeO, ZnO, PbO, SnO, Al2O3, Cr2O3, SnO2, PbO2, Sb2O3 .
, , .
. . , , . , Pb2O3 (H2PbO3). Fe3O4 , , Fe (II) Fe(III).
(΄,2) 4 (2΄,) 4, ΄ +2, . , MgAl2O4 - .
:
˗ ( );
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˗ , ( 12 , ).
, 2 (IV) , N2O (I) , Fe3O4 (III)- (II) , W20O58 58 20 .
, . - , .
-. . :
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O
, . :
H2SO4 HNO3 H2CO3
+. .
, , , , , HCl, HF, H2S, HCN .
, .
Zn(OH)2 + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + 2H2O;
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH = Na2[Zn(OH)4].
( ).
() , . . , . , H6TeO6 (VI) . (VI) , .
, - , . , , .
. , KAl(SO4)2 -.
( ) . , Ca(ClO)Cl - .
, , , . , K4[Fe(CN)6] (II)
K4[Fe(CN)6] 4K+ + [Fe(CN)6] 4-.
, Fe2+ .
(), .
, , CuSO4, Na2CO3 , .
:
-
Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2;
- , ,
Zn + 2NaOH + 2H2O = Na2[Zn(OH)4] + H2;
-
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O;
-
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3¯ + H2O;
-
CaO + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O;
- ( , , )
2CH3COONa + H2SO4 = 2CH3COOH + Na2SO4;
-
FeCl3 + 3NaOH = Fe(OH)3¯ + 3NaCl;
-
NaCl + AgNO3 = AgCl¯ + NaNO3;
-
CuSO4 + Zn = Cu¯ + ZnSO4;
-
SO3 + CaO = CaSO4;
-
2Fe + 3Cl2 = 2FeCl3.
- . , .
H2SO4 + NaOH = NaHSO4 + H2O; CO2 + KOH = KHCO3;
Ca3(PO4)2 + H3PO4 = 3CaHPO4; CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O = Ca(HCO3)2.
, .
NaHSO4 + NaOH = Na2SO4 + H2O.
. .
Mg(OH)2 + HCl = MgOHCl + H2O;
CoCl2 + NaOH = CoOHCl¯ + NaCl.
, . , .
MgOHCl + HCl = MgCl2 + H2O
. . , . :
- , (Na2CO3 );
- , , (CaSO4 , Na2SO3 c );
- , , - - (Cl+7O4 ), (KCl+5O3 ), (KCl+3O2 ) - (KCl+1O );
- (K2S );
- - , , , Ca(H2PO4)2 , Ca(HCO3)2 ;
- - , , Al(OH)2NO3 . , , .