1. CaSO4 , KNO3 0,01 / 3 Mg(NO3)2 0,01 / 3.
:
c (KNO3) = 0,01 / 3 P (CaSO4) =2,37∙105
c (Mg(NO3)2) = 0,01 / 3
S (CaSO4) ?
CaSO4 . CaSO4 Ca2+ ,
[Ca2+] = [ ] = [CaSO4] = x
(CaSO4) = [Ca2+][ ] = x x = 2,37∙105
x 2= 2,37105; x = = 4,868103 / 3
CaSO4 KNO3 0,01 / 3. :
μ = ½([K+]12 + [ ]12 + [Ca2+]22 + [
]22) = ½(0,0112 +
+ 0,0112 + 0,00486822 + 0,00486822) = ½(0,01 + 0,01 + 0,0195 +
+ 0,0195) = 0,0295
, 0,0295, =
:
=
= 0,550,018 = 0,532 0,53
(CaSO4) = [Ca2+][ ]∙
∙
= x ∙ x ∙0,532 = 2,37∙105
x 2∙0,532 = 2,37∙105
x = = 9,2∙103 / 3
aSO4 Mg(NO3)2 0,01 / 3.
:
μ = ½([Mg2+]∙22 + 2[ ]12 + [Ca2+]22 + [
]22) =
= ½(0,014 + 20,01 + 0,0048684 + 0,0048684) = 0,0495 ≈ 0,05
, =
= 0,45.
(CaSO4) = [Ca2+]∙[ ]∙
∙
= x ∙ x ∙0,452 = 2,37∙105
x 2∙0,452 = 2,37∙105
x = = 1,082∙102 / 3
, ( =0,01 / 3) 1,9 , CaSO4 Mg(NO3)2 ( =0,01 / 3) 2,2 , .
2. p H Fe3+ Mg2+ .
p H , Fe3+ Fe(OH)3. [Fe3+ ]£1,0∙106 / 3.
(Fe(OH)3) = [Fe3+]∙[OH]3 = 6,3∙1038,
, Fe3+:
/ 3
/ 3
H = lg[H+] = lg(2,5∙104) = 3,6
, Fe3+ Fe(OH)3 p H 3,6.
Mg2+, , Mg(OH)2, Mg2+
[Mg2+]∙[OH]2 < (Mg(OH)2); (Mg(OH)2) = 6,0∙1010
[OH]£ £
/ 3
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[Mg2+]=0,1 / 3, Mg(OH)2
[OH]£ / 3; [OH]£7,8∙105 / 3,
[Mg2+]=1,0∙102 / 3,
[OH]£ / 3; [OH]£2,5∙104 / 3,
Mg2+ 0,1 / 3, [OH]£7,8∙105 / 3,
[H+]= =1,31010 / 3, p H£9,9.
, p H , 3,6 , 9,9, Fe3+ Fe(OH)3, Mg2+ . :
3,6£ p H£9,9.
3. AgNO3 2% Cl CaCl2∙6H2O 0,4382 ?
:
m (CaCl2∙6H2O) = 0,4382
w (AgNO3) = 2%
V (AgNO3(p)) ?
, , , .
, Cl:
AgNO3 (w (AgNO3)=2%), AgNO3. .
4. CaC2O4H2O, 20 3 CaCl2 CaCl2 0,1 / 3 30 3 (NH4)2C2O4 0,1 / 3.
:
V (CaCl2(p)) = 20 3 (24) = 2,3∙109
(CaCl2) = 0,1 / 3 (24∙2) = 146,12 /
V ((NH4)2C2O4(p)) = 30 3
((NH4)2C2O4) = 0,1 / 3
m (CaC2O4H2O) ?
η ?
ϳ : 20 3+30 3=50 3. 10 3. - :
= 0,02 / 3
24∙2. [2+]= /3, [ ]=(0,02+ ) / 3. (24),
[2+][ ] = ∙(0,02+ ) = 2,3∙109
0,02, (0,02+ ) ≈ 0,02. , ∙0,02 = 2,3∙109. :
= 1,15∙107 / 3
24 1,15∙107 / 3. 50 3 :
= 8,4∙107 .
24∙2, :
= 0,4383 .
η = = 1,9104%.
5. Mg(OH)2 0,2 250 3. , 0,1%.
:
m (Mg(OH)2) = 0,2 (Mg(OH)2) = 6,01010
V (H2O) = 250 3 M (Mg(OH)2) = 58,32 /
V (NH3()) = 250 3 K (NH3H2O) = 1,76105
w (Mg(OH)2) ?
(NH3(p)) ?
Mg(OH)2 Mg2+ Mg(OH)2 .
(Mg(OH)2) = [Mg2+][OH]2 = 6,0∙1010.
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/ 3 Mg(OH)2. [Mg2+] = / 3, [OH] = 2 / 3. ϳ Mg(OH)2, :
(2 )2 = 6,01010; 4 3 = 6,01010; 3 = ;
= = 5,31104 / 3.
, Mg(OH)2 :
= 7,74103 Mg(OH)2,
= 3,87%.
Mg(OH)2 , . , Mg(OH)2 0,1%, Mg(OH)2 / 3:
= 1,37105 / 3.
, [Mg2+] = 1,37105 / 3.
Mg(OH)2, -:
6,01010 = [Mg2+][OH]2 = 1,37105[OH]2
NH3H2O
NH3 , [OH] =
6,62103 / 3. [ ]=[OH], :
6. ϳ , , 2,6248 0,3248 BaSO4. .
:
m () = 2,6248 M (S) = 32,06 /
m (BaSO4) = 0,3248 M (BaSO4) = 233,39 /
w (S) ?
( ):
.
:
1,7%.
32.
1. ?
2. ?
3. BaSO4 , ᒺ , ?
4. BaCl2 Na2SO4 Na2SO4 BaCl2?
5. BaCl2 Na2SO4 Na2SO4 BaCl2?
6. Ba(N3)2, BaBr2, BaCl2 Ba(ClO4)2 BaSO4?
7. K2C2O4, Na2C2O4, H2C2O4 (NH4)2C2O4 Ca2+?
8. Fe(OH)3 : ) ; ) NH4NO3; ) NH4NO3 NH3?
9. Ca2+, Sr2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cu2+?
10. , , ?
11. ?
12. , , , ?
13. - ?
14. 糿 ?
15. ? ?