1. .
2. (. . 8.1).
3. .
4. , , .
5. .
6. .
7. 8.1.
8. 8.2. .
9. .
8.1
, | . (q, /.) | . (t, .) | (, ) | - (, 0) | - (, /3) | , /3 | |
, Q | , Q1 | ||||||
8.2
/ | , /3 | ||
1. | III | ||
2. | IY | ||
3. | 0,001 | I | |
4. | IY | ||
5. | IY | ||
7. | (, , ) 70 % | III | |
8. | 10 70 % (, -, .) | III | |
9. | ( MnO2): ) ; ) | 0,3 0,05 | II I |
10. | , | 0,05 | I |
13. | ( ) | 0,01 | I |
14. | II | ||
15. | , , : ) c , 10%; ) , , . | III IY | |
16. | : ) , , , ; ) 5 % | IY IY | |
17. | , ( CrO3) | 0,01 | I |
1. , .
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. .
6. ?
9.
|
|
, . . , , , .
60 1500 . , , (. . 9.1).
: (l > 1 2 ), (l = 1 2 ), (l = 390 740 ), (l< 390 ), (l < 100 ), g - (l < 10 ). (n) l = /n ( - ) , , . . , , , , .
, g-.
(1n0), a- (42+) b- (0-1) .
- , , . , . , .
b - - , , .
a - - , . . a (, , , .).
.
9.1
, , | (, , ) | 222Ra, 210Po, 235U, 239Pu, 60Co, 134Cs, 226Ra 222Ra,210Po,239Pu, . | a, b a, b, g | |
- | , , - , | , - | - : 170Tu, 55Fe, 241Am | g |
|
|
. 9.1
4 | ||||
-- | - - | , , . - - - | 226Ra,210Po,60Co, 134Cs, , , , - -: 75Se, 170Tu, 133Ba Cs (3,7) 60Co,137Tu | g g g |
- () - - - | (, ) -, n- (107 /), (10 /), | n g n n, p, a, g g n, p | ||
, -- -, | - , ; ; | , . | 131J, 65Zn, 59Fe, 95Zn , | g, n |
. 9.1
1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. |
, - | ; ; . | - - | , , | g g n, g |
-o-, - -- | 40 1000 ( , ) | . , 60Co, 137Cs, 170Tm, 6-35 | b | |
-- - - | , , , , . . | , , | 60Co, 137Cs, 45Ca, 82Br, 32P, 59Fe, 125Sn, 51Cr, 187W, 204Tl, 192Jr . | a, b, g |
- | , | - | 252Cf, 85Zn, 75Se, 238Pu, 244Cm | n, g |
N t:
|
|
= DN/Dt (9.1)
, (). - (Ku) - 1 Ku = 3,7 . 1010 .
- . Q , , :
= DQ/ Dm. (9.2)
/ . - () - 1 = 2,58 . 10-4 /.
. - (), , (m) :
= D/Dm. (9.3)
() - 1 = 1/. - - 1 = 0,01 .
() - (Wr) (. . 9.2):
= . W. (9.4)
/ () - 1 = 1 /. ( ) - 1 = 0,01 .
9. 2
Wr | |
10 | |
. 9.2 | |
10 100 | |
100 2 | |
2 20 | |
20 | |
, 2 | |
a-, |
9.3
Wt | |
0,20 | |
() | 0,12 |
( ) | 0,12 |
0,12 | |
0,12 | |
0,05 | |
0,05 | |
0,05 | |
0,05 | |
0,05 | |
, | 0,01 |
(, , , , , , , , ) | 0,05 |
(S) - , , :
, (9.6)
- i- ;
Ni - .
- , , 10 / 1 . - 3 /.
, , , .
u/ - 10 Ku/ 10 /.
, , . 9.4.
9.1. ()
, . , . . .
|
|
, 70% . , , - +. (2) : 2- + 2 = 22 (22 ): 2+ + 2 = 22. , . () , .
. . , , , , . , ..
, ( , ).
, .. ():
- 0,25 - ;
- 0,25 - 0,5 - ;
- 0,5 - 1 - , ;
- 1 - 2 - ;
- 2 - 4 - , .
- 4 - 5 - 50 100;
- 6 - 100 % .
9.4
()
- | |||||
-. | |||||
= dN/dt | (Ku) | - () | 1 Ku = 3,7 . 1010 1 = 2,7 . 10-11 Ku | ||
m | Ku/ | / | 1Ku/ = 3,7 . 1010 / 1 / = 2,7 . 10-11 Ku/ | ||
v | u / | /3 | 1Ku/ = 3,7 . 1013 / 1 / = 2,7 . 10-14 Ku/ | ||
=dE /dm | () | 1 = 100 / =10-2 1 = 104 / = 102 | |||
=d/ dt | / | / | 1 / = 10 -2 / 1 /c = 10 / | ||
H | () | 1 = 1 / = 10-2 / 1 = 10 -2 1 = 102 | |||
PH | PH=dH/dt | / | / | 1 / = 10 -2 / 1 / = 102 / | |
= dQ / dm | - () | / | 1 = 2,58 . 10-4 / 1 / = 3,88 . 103 | ||
Px = dX / dt | / | /(×) | 1/ = 2,58. 10-4 /× 1 /× = 3,86 . 10-2 / |
, 100 - 1000 , ( ).
. , ( , ).
, (. . 9.5).
. , , . , , , , , . , , , , .