B aece pepa ecooo opae c oeoe paac aceee oo pec pecye epacx oyao a oypoao eppop eo Coecoo Coa o pe opo poo o, paaec accox ycax cx oeex pacoo acee, acceo oee coecx paa oepaoe arep, e o ypoo o, paccpeo ooo cep x opa a aope pao.
Ta opao, o eco opaee c oeoe paac aceee ceye oa a eceoeoc, ecooc apapca, apaee po ococa yaax , oope oy paac: yex ycax, ax eceoeo opae, a ooece cepe, pe yepa opo, pye oeonex paacx cye oopyex cax epeco copo e ax paa a ecpcpacoe opaoe cyopooco, oro-o paacx ao, eopaao aepe peapa oeoex oce pepae a-x oex ec, oex aaax . Aaoe pace ao op pecye coepac cae 22 poea Koeca pecye po pa eoacoc eoeeca.
Ca paccapaeo ca e peycapae peee o aece aaa cepo a, ooy yee yca oeoex rpaacoo acee, coepee p oax ocoecax, apyc o cooyoc pecye (ca 159 96 K). oo oo o ea, yaay epy ca ca.
o eopae paacoo acee oaec eo acce o (ae) c aaeo eppop. Papaee aoaoo yeca a oypoao eppop - o eo pacxee cocoa, opaee eo co coceoc oynpye copoo, o c oypoao eppop. B o opo poo o pacxee papaee coceoc oypoax epoecx cpa poooc repac oca eax acaax, axaaoc ooc ce, o pecao eoc: pooceoe cpe oopyoae, poooce, cpeca pacopa, yype eoc ..
a oco pe, oop xoe oex ec oe aece yyp eoc apoo, 1954 oy o ae HECKO a npa eyapoa oe o ae yypx eoce cyae oopyeoo oa. B oe opeeeo, o ooe yypx eoce apeac e a aaa x pe.
a coepee oox ec cepo a eyapo oe pya Hpepe poop Apea Poeepa, oop yy pexcpo oypoax ocox eppop ocpeco ceaoo aa ocyec pae yypx eoce cpa Epo.
Pacpa papaee aoaoo yeca a caocoey opy aoo pecye ceye oe, o aaa opa eyapooro paa, a ae cyea paa eoopx cpa aacy opaae apye eyapoo-paox op cca a oey eoxooc. Cy poe, a oeaec peco epaype, aaec ycaoe pa, e oea eoxooc oa ocaoc epe peoa eoeoc.
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O p o o, o oe e oyc eopae pao ope cpec aece pea epe apee ee aac oe 1899 1907 oo B x oe aco cpeaec opaee o ec oee ec acoo ooo oee yao, oao o e coepa aeopecoo apea opae ooope o oeo eoxooc. B acoee pe eyapoo-paox aax, ope eyapooo paa e eoo e ooceo pee cc a oey eoxooc cyae o oopyeoo oa.
Ceye oe, o epx pex opax aapyeoo cocaa pecye aooae aece oaeoo paa e eco coepe pecye - oypoaa eppop. Oypoao. acoc, paec eppop, aa ocyapcc, c copoo eyapooo oopyeoro oa eece oe pooo pacpocpa ape oex pecye a ce apa oyna: aco oo, ae ec aa oya e cpea aoo oopyeoo copoe. pueeue oopyeo oume cpecm u emoo, anpeex eyapou ooopau. Cpeca ee o - o opye e cpeca, npeee oopye ca ox copo aece pea opae poy.
Meo ee o - o opo, coco pe cooa cpec ee o yaax ex. Coraco ooey poooy eec oe 1949 oa, apee c peee opy, capo, eec eoo ee oex ec, cocox p e opee cpaa, a ae op, oopee, cepe yep ppoo cpee. Ta opao, eyapoo pae copypoa ceye pep, a ocoa oopx o oeac cpeca eo ee o:
1. Boe e oyc eopae pao ope cpec eoo ee o a-ece pea epe. pao copo, axoxc oe, pa eo cpeca ee o, e c eorpae (ca 35 ooeoro poooa I 1977 oa eec oe 1949 oa);
2. Boe e o cooa aoe opye, oopoe yeae cpaa e (pe e cpaa) eae x cep eeo (eepypca eapa 1868 oa ca 23 Koe 0 aoax oax cyxoyo o 1907 oa);
3 Boe e o pe opye, oopoe aoc peepe opee ee epaeoe ece
K apee cpeca ee o, coaco ecy eyapoo-pao opa, o ce aeo 1981 oy Koe o apee opae pee opex o ox oopye, oocc
- y, eo paopaaec caec eoeeco ee;
- cap, eceoe aaee oopx pacpocpa yyae peooce a;
- opaeoe opye;
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- aepooece cpeca oc,
- cpeca oec a ppoy cpey, oope e oocpoe cepee ocec,
- oe opye, ocooe ece oopoo aaec aece opee ocoa, oope e oapyac eoeeco ee c oo peeocx ye (acacca, ceo ..);
- -oy,
- oe aaeoe opye;
- pye opee ooo opy, oo-pe oy cac aoc peepe opee e epaeoe ece,
B acoee pe nooc oo ox o opy, ooc oaax o pep, apeex cpec ee o.
Meo ee o oac oo paoopaoc, cece eo eyapooe pao ce x peaepoa e coco. Bece c e ooe eoopx eoo ee o ec pe ape, a, apep, eyapooe pao apeae ceye eo ee o:
- oaa o pa e oca oro x, ypoa poy, ec oee ec a ao ocoe;
- eaoo cooa oey ey Kpacoo Kpeca, OOH, a ae a, e, opey oey epax cpa ocyapc, e axoxc oe;
- ya apaeepa;
- oaa a papaee opo ecoc;
- aaoa oappoa a o o cocoo eaee opoa, cee, a cpoe,
- ocyec eo;
- pa aoo,
- oa cpe paex ox, yoa oeoex pya x ec oee ec po coe cpa;
- ocyec eppop ooe poro acee;
- yoa yype eoc, axoec o ceao ao ooaee oco oe ao
pec aa aoo cocaa ooe cea ooa o, o o pecyee oe coepeo oo a ec.
K cy oaex pao oeo copo paccapaeoro pecye oocc ocoa ocaoa pee apeex cpec eoo ee o - ocaoa oopyeoo oa.
Ka ye oeaoc, ocee o epe oce opo poo o oc pecye, cae c apyee aoo oae ee o.
B o ooe ec ao cpae a, o ope 1996 oa aarc Meyapo pya o oe pecye e oca poop paa poa, eo coaa occx cepo, 10 roa ae a yace accox ycax poo acee oce axaa cepa ycyacoro aaa Cpepe eo 1995 oa. Cy e p o ae oo a o o, o po ye pa yace pecyex o cpaxo paccpea. o ep co pee poeeo oce Hpepcoo poecca poop, ece eyapo pyao o oe oeo pecye.
Cyemua cmopoa aapyeoo pecye xapaepyec p yco. o coae, o pee oopyeo oe apeee cpeca eo ee o, eae coep ae ec.
Cyemo pecye cyae eeoe o, xoee coca yaco oopyeoo oa ocee opaca 16 e.
ac 2 ca 159 K npeycapae oeceoc a peee ooo aoee oacx cpec ee o - opy accooo opae, apeeoo eyapo ooopo Pecy Kaaxca.
pee oo pecye aaoe peey, peycopeoy cae 158 K. oee opy accooo opae pepao oy ceo oacoe ryeoe cpeco.
B 1981 oy eepaa Accae pa eapa, cooec c oopo ocyapca ocyapcee ee, oope ep pey cooa epoo opy, coepa raee pecyee po eoeeca.
Cca a eyapo ooop Pecy Kaaxca cae 158 K oaae, o ooop oe papoa cy cy.
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3) pecye po eoe.
eo (c. 160K). eo ( epeoe c peecoo genos - po, e acoo caedo - ya) - pecyee po eoeeca, a eyapox npecye coco eco cpee ex py acee o paco, aoa, ec peo paa. ooa oeceoc a eo peycopea cae 160 K PK Copypoa a coca pecye a ocoa cao Hpepcoo Tocoo oex pyao Koe 1948 oa 0 peypee pecyne eoa aaa a eo. B oa Hpepcoo Meyapooo Boeoo pyaa eo - o ccea pecyx ec, apaex a ecoe yoee py acee. eo ae e oo ec, eocpeceo apaee a ecoe yoee npeceyex py, o ec, coae ccey pepecc opae cyecoa, pa yyp peceyex py, apaee oeo cee a x yoee. B 1948 oy eepao Accaee OOH a oopea Koe O peypee pecye reoa aaa a eo. B cae 2 ao Koe epece a eoa peycapaec, o o c ao p yco aepe yo ooc aco ay-o aoay, ecy, pacoy peoy pyy a aoy. K a aa oocc:
) yco eo ao py,
) pee eecx opee ea ao rpy,
) yeoe coae yco, paccax a ooe acoe yoee eo ao py,
) accea epeaa ee oo eoeeco py pyy;
) ep o peypee eopoe ax rpyax.
Bo pe opo poo o poo peaa eoy epoca epa, e aoepoe accooe cpeee paacoo acee eoo pa cpa. pecye eoa po aycoo apoa coepa epo coeo pae paa pypoa o oa e Cap. B 1994 oy oa Pyae copooaac eoo, ocyecc cpeca ee xyy, epa oopx a yc, a xyy. co yx opepooo ocae 1000000 eoe. Oecea oacoc eoa aaec o, o peyae coepe cocax o pecyee ec (yc, pee oo pea opo ..) ooc aco pepaae oe pepa cyecoae opeeea aoaa, eca, pacoa peroa pya e. Heocpecme oemo eoa c oecee ooe, oeceae eoace oa epoo opy a ocx opoa co ce aceee aec cee c a e yco aoax, ecx, pacox peox py. oepe o eoa cya e oee a, e ax rpy, a ca aae py (aoaa, eca, pacoa peoa eo, a yoee oopx apaeo o pecyee. Oemua cmopoa eoa xapaepyec coepee ooo ceyx e:
- ye yca eo o py,
- pee oo pea x opo,
- acce ocpecoae eopoe,
- pyeo epeae ee,
- coae x ex yco, paccax a ecoe yoee eo o pyn. co paec yeoe pee cep pyroy eoy (ac 1 ca 90 K). oe oo pea opo xapaepyec oeco pao, yaaix co ac 1 ca 103 K PK. K acceoy ocpencoa eopoe oocc a pooaoa acpa (poeee oepa o yae oox ee) cepa e pepoyo opace (ocoa oepa a oox opaax, oopa po ecocooc ocpoee ooca), a poeee po o e cycceoo pepa epeeoc, a ae e ec acceoo xapaepa, apaee a eoyee eopoe cpee aoo poa rpy e. pyea nepeaa ee paaec acceo opa ee y poee , x aex cooecye aoao, eco o py epeae x pecae pyo aoao, eco oy ooo py e. o acce epeceee e yaax aoe rpy ceye oa epeeee x ec ocooo poa a pye ceao peaaee eppop (apep, peepa) c ep x aec ppo yco, oope ey pa cooecye py e.
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o coae x ex yco, paccax a ecoe yoee eo ax py, oaec yeoe ocyecee pax epop, eax eeo e e cy ex x ocoec (apep, apaee ppoo cpe oa cooecye py paoa, xec ooec oca eeca, ape aac paoo x eeoc, ec oco coo cyecoa ao py e, oa eco, poooceo o ooo oo a ao py, oope ocpaa peyae cxoo ec oex ec, . .). Coca apyeoo pecye ec opa. Oo paec ooe oe coepe ec, ceecyx o aepe yo ooc aco ay-o aoay, ecy, pacoy peoy pyy, ae ec p o e e ocy ocec e yoe ao py e, pepae eopoe x cpee . . e acy.
Cyemua cmopoa xapacepyec p yco. o coae, o coepae ec, opaye eo, eae coep ec. B coca cyeo copo eoa aooae aece oaeoo paa ceay e - nooe acoe yoee aoao, eco, peroo pacoo py. p ocyc ao e, oeo cooecye cocay eoa, ee e oe apoac o cae 160 K. Hae e ooo acoo yoe eoeeco rpy oae eo o eoopx op pee apeex cpec eoo ee o (c 159 K), a ae o eoopx oeyoox pecye (yco, yeoe pee oo pea opo . .). Oao ceye e y, o o pee apeex cpec eoo ee o reo oaec eue e, o ero coepee eoaeo oo cao c cyecoae oeoo oa. o pecyee oe coepac poe pe. Ec eo coepaec o pe ee o, o ec ox eoxoo apoa o cooyoc pecye o ca 159 160 K, a a eo ec apee eoo ee o.
Cye pecyeu - oe eeoe o, ocoiee 16 e. a opace o 14 o 16 e ecy oeceoc e a eo, a a opeo coepee pecye - yeoe yco, yeoe pee oo pea opo e pecye, a oope ycaoea aayeoc c 14 e.
Copeeo cop ec cya ocye a eo, a 1979 oy oee coa Hapoo-peoo pya paccope pecye eoa, coepex o o oa e Cap Kaoe. ocye aoo poope cepo a c ocae yeca.
4) e pecye po pa eoacoc eoeeca
Haeeco (c. 162 K). Haeeco apoao pecy aaye o ox peox peex OOH. pee ceo, ceye oe peo Coea eoacoc o 24 op 1961 oa o p epx ep, a peee c, eeeoo ape. o peaepeoe accooe yoee e, x cyec ppo c noo opy accooo yoe ex oce oeoo peyeca a oe poo. B opeeeo cee oo K PK oy cooecye ac 2 ca 159. ca aepa c ceo ocpaoo oeoo oyoeoo epcoaa, e axoeoc o oaoae OOH, a ae aeo. Peeoe ocyee ocyapc, papeax epoy aeo a coe eppop x coepae, eec peox 1967 1970 oo. B 1968 oy eepaa Accae OOH peo 2465 (XXIII) ooaeo ycaoa, o paa cooa aeo ec yooo-aaye ee, a ca ae c pecya, axoc e aoa. Oopeeo oepya eoxooc p o cex cpaax opax ao o oeceoc , ox aop, acpoae oyee aeo a x eppop, o apee co rpaaa ocya a cyy aece aeo. apeee aeeca coepc cae OOH: aoe ocyapco oao oepac o opaa ppeypx c oopyex a, o ce aeo, ope a eppop pyoo ocyapca.
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Koeo, aeeco a ee oe xapaepo epoa cpeeeo, o aeoe pacpocpaee oo oyo nocee o, ocoeo xoe a aaex oax o. Cya aeeca cpeac xoe poopox oo a eppop eo Coecoo Coa. Tpacopa eyapoo-paox op o aeece aoaoe aooaeco ac ae ao eo op c pecyee co copo Pecy Kaaxca. Bepe K KaCCP (1959) yooo-paoa opa, peycapaa oeceoc a aeeco (c. 62-2), a eea aoo o 15 op 1993 oa. poeo ao ca oc o, o ocac a epo aayex e epoa, oyee, cooae acpoae aeo, .e. e ye ooe po eepao Accaee OHH 1989 oy Koe o ope c epoo, cooae, acpoae oyee aeo. co ca 162 ooo oooro oeca Pecy Kaaxca ycpae eoca. Oecea oacoc aeeca aaec o, o opeeea ac e aece coa cpec cyecoa pae yace oopyex oax oex ecx a copoe ocyapca, paao oopoo o e ec e ocoo e poae. Tae ec yoo epace ocoo oac, a a eoeeco oece oppyec pya e, poeccoa ae oopx caoc yco.
Heocpecme oemo oo pecye c oecee ooe, oeceae coee po paooro peypoa oopyex oo.
Oemua cmopoa aeeca xapaepyec coepee ec, paex oo npeycopex coe ac 1 ca 162 K op: a) epoa; ) oyee; ) acpoae oe aepaoe oeceee aea; ) cooae aea oopyeo oe oex ecx.
o epoo aeo noaec aop, a peee e yac oopyeo oe oex ecx a cooe aepaoe oarpaee. Bepoa aaec c oco aao ae, ae e a ncxecoo oec a x cocoo (yroopo, aao, oea . .) c e pee x yac oopyeo oe oex ecx, aoe, aaec coaee. oopoe oe e pay cee peco oopeoc. co aa oy opeee a ceo ( ope ooopa), a yco. Oyee aeo (eec y oeoe) - o poeee c ceax a o opoca aoee eoo pee opy, pax eec, ycpoca oeo ex, a ee o ex x ycox ecoc, pee cyo oa, a ae cpya eocpeceo xoe oex ec. acpoae aeo - o oeceee aeo, a ooo x cee, ee cpeca. o aepa oeceee aeo ceye oa x poy oypoae o ceoy, oeceee x poooce, cooecy a oeoo opy oepaca, a ae aoexo cpeca epee, opaa a ooo oye aeo ..
o cooae aea oopyeo oe oex ecx - oaec eocpeceoe peee eo yac oex oepax ax oeoo xapaepa a paoe oex ec, a a eo peea. pecyee o ac 1 ca 162 K caec ooe c oea oe xo ooro epecex aoe ec.
Cyemua cmopoa aeeca xapaepyec p yco. o coae, o coepae ec, epecee ac 1 paccapaeo ca, eae oo. Cyemo ec oe eeoe o, ocee 16 e.
Coca aeeca p oax ocoecax (ac 2 ca 162 K) ae a apyx paa. ep coco coepe pecye c cooae o coeo cyeoro ooe, oxaae cepy ooco oee poo cyeo eeoc. Ka pao, oa caa c oeo cyo epoa. Oao oe coo ac aope oo ocyapceoo cyaeo. B o cyae cye pecye cea: oocoe o, ocyapce cya, cya ecoo opaa caoypae o, oee ypaeece y oepeco o opaa Bop apy pao ec coepee aeeca ooe ecoepeoeeo, .e. epoa, oyee, acpoae oe aepaoe oeceee, a ae cooae oopyeo oe oex ecx aece aea a, e oceo 18-eeo opaca.
Oemua cmopoa pecye, peycopeoo ac 3 ca 162 K, xapaepyec ec caoro aea, cocou eo o yac oopyeo oe oex ecx. o, aepoaoe aece aea, pae eocpeceoe yace oooe, apoa poee oex ec oex oepa. ace oe paac paoopax opax-axoee o pe oopyex oo oex ec ecax, e o pocxo, oaae oo ao-o oyx copo, pyooco, cpypoae yaco oopyeoo oa oex ec .. Oae pao oeo copo oo pecye ec ocoa ocaoa coepaeoro pecye - ocaoa oex ec oopyeoo oa. Cyemua cmopoa pecye xapaepyec o e poo yca. o coae, o ecye aece aea oopyeo oe oex ecx, eae ecoa a opao.
Aapyea ca ac 4 peycapae oeceoc a ec aea, yacyeo oopyeo oe oex ecx, oee e e e e ocec. a cocaa aoo apoaoo a pecyne peyec aecoe acyee e e x x nocec. ao e ae opeee x ocec. Kae ocec ca - o opoc opeoro aa, oop peaec c yeo cex ocoec ea. B acoc, ocec ceye oec pee oo pea opo eoea o pe oex ec oopyeoo oa. pee pyoo aepaoro yepa e yoe opee a, coopye, oco, opo , pee pea opyae cpee, paceoy ooy py. Cyemo npecye, peycopeoo ac 3 4 ca 162 K, ec ae. Bepe o oe o pacpo cae 47 ooeoro poooa I 1977 oa eec oe o ae ep o. Hae - o, oopoe
- ceao aepoao a ece oex ec a pae oo, o yacoa oopyeo oe;
- aec pae yace oex ecx, pyoocyc ra opao eae oy y oy e oeaoo aepaoo oapae, cyeceo peaeo oapaee araa oro e paa y;
- e ec paao copo, axoec oe, o, ocoo poa aeppop, opopyeo copoo, axoec oe;
- e xo coca oopyex c copo, axoec oe;
- e ocao ocyapco, oopoe e ec oe copoo, oe oax oaoce aece a, xoero coca oopyex c.
Be ceye pep aeeca
Bo-epx, oye oo ec aea ec oeoe aepaoe oapaee. Oo oe peyp, e eeoo ooc, o pao (a yoro, eoro, a yoee oeo ex ..). p o oo opao e oapae oaaa, oop yacye oex ecx po c .
Bo-opx, ae ceao epyec yac opeo oopyeo oe. e e o aepoa, ae e ee. B-pex, ae e ec paao aoo ocyapca, e poae ocoo a eo eppop e oca pe rocyapco aece coea oe pyx oax oaoce aece a, xoeo coca oopyex c aoo ocyapca. Boee coe apac peeo a cyy ocpay ap o ooopy ey rocyapca e pa eocpeceoo yac oex ecx. B-eepx, paeoc aea oopy-e ca oo ox copo, o e ee eo coca x oopyex c. Too ae cex pao, copypoax cae 47 ooeoro poooa, ooe oec cooecyee o aey. pep ora eo oe oaa o aea. Be c o pe copeeoo eyapooo paa oyco yace oex cy cox oecx, apoecx yee. a e aepax rc, a copoe ooo ox po apecc ocpaoo ococa. B oe o aeo opoo ac coca oopyex c oe copo, ooy c oaaa, a ocyapco ece a x oeceoc. Hae e c oo cocaa e aec. B pea cae 162 K aooaee opeeeo oe aea, oopoe coaae c opeeee, coepac ooeo poooe I eec oe 1949 oa.
Ka ceecye paa, aea aacy yaec y o aaa a coepee pecye. ec npeeeo eyapoo op c aeeco ca cye poecc a paa aea Hapoo pecye Aoa. O poxo yae 1976 oy. a ocye aeo, o ce epo a, c a ao , .
