.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





, , . , , . .

3.1. a X , a X a a a:

( a X) a a a.

, , .

, , ( ) 1.

3.2. a X , a X a a a:

( a X) .

Ix X, (a, a), a X:

Ix = {(a, a)| a X }.

Ix X X.

, a X , Ix a:

Ix a.

, Ix a :

Ix a = O.

3.3. a X , a a b b a a:

( a, b X)(a a b b a a).

:

;

;

" " ;

" " .

" x y " . " x y " .

x y y x. . xy yx .

8

a= {(a, b), (b, a), (b, c), (c, b), (d, c)}

.

. 8.
(a) (b)

.

3.1. .

3.4. a X , a b a a b b a a :

( a, b X) (a a b & b a a a = b).

, "" , a b b a , a = b. "" , (-2) 2 2 (- 2),

-2 2.

"", "", "" . " " .

.

3.5. a X , a, b, c X a a b b a c a a c:

( a, b, c X) (a a b & b a c a a c).

:

"" ;

"" ;

"" ;

" " ;

) " " .

" " . : " ".

" " .

a b

, a b. , g a g b g. a.

3.1. " " " ".

.

3.2. , .

3.6. a X , a b a a b, b a a:

( a, b, c X)(a b a a b b a a).

"" . "" .

, [1].

4.1. a b , :

a b,b a, a-1, ab, .

4.2. a b , :

a b, b a, a-1.

4.3. a b , :

a b, b a, a-1.

4.4. ab a b , , :

ab =ab.

4.5. a b , :

a b, a-1

4.6. a b , :

a b, a-1, .

[1, 2].





:


: 2015-05-06; !; : 666 |


:

:

, ,
==> ...

1463 - | 1430 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.016 .