, , . , , . .
3.1. a X , a X a a a:
( a
X) a a a.
, , .
, , ( ) 1.
3.2. a X , a X a a a:
( a
X)
.
Ix X, (a, a), a X:
Ix = {(a, a)| a X }.
Ix X X.
, a X , Ix a:
Ix a.
, Ix a :
Ix a = O.
3.3. a X , a a b b a a:
( a, b
X)(a a b
b a a).
:
;
;
" " ;
" " .
" x y " . " x y " .
x y y x. . xy yx .
8
a= {(a, b), (b, a), (b, c), (c, b), (d, c)}
.
. 8.
(a) (b)
.
3.1. .
3.4. a X , a b a a b b a a :
( a, b
X) (a a b & b a a
a = b).
, "" , a b b
a , a = b. "" , (-2)
2 2
(- 2),
|
|
-2 2.
"", "", "" . " " .
.
3.5. a X , a, b, c X a a b b a c a a c:
( a, b, c
X) (a a b & b a c a a c).
:
"" ;
"" ;
"" ;
" " ;
) " " .
" " . : " ".
" " .
a b
, a b. , g a
g b
g. a.
3.1. " " " ".
.
3.2. , .
3.6. a X , a b a a b, b a a:
( a, b, c
X)(a
b
a a b
b a a).
"" . "" .
, [1].
4.1. a b , :
a b,b
a, a-1, ab,
.
4.2. a b , :
a b, b
a, a-1.
4.3. a b , :
a b, b
a, a-1.
4.4. ab a b , , :
ab =ab.
4.5. a b , :
a b, a-1
4.6. a b , :
a b, a-1,
.
[1, 2].