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Classification of hazards, dangerous and harmful factors




Docent G. Vlasenko

 

LECTURE 2
with discipline
Safety

Topic 2. Classification and identification of hazards. Risk as a characteristic dangers.

Lesson 1. Classification and identification of hazards. Risk as a characteristic dangers.

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-2012


Introduction. 5'
1. Classification of hazards, dangerous and harmful factors. 25'
2. Overall assessment and hazard characterization. 55'
2.1. Quantitative characteristics of the hazard (risk and cost). 10'
2.2. Criteria for severity and probability level of hazard. 15'
2.3. The concept of an acceptable risk 15'
2.4. Risk Management 10'
2.5. Qualitative analysis of hazards 5'
Final part. 5'

 

 

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Introduction.

Safety - a combination of knowledge and rules of conduct to ensure the health, longevity, human creative potential, providing optimal conditions for the existence of humanity on planet Earth.
In previous lectures we have concluded that:
- The danger is an objective essential nature of development and evolution of mankind;
- The danger created by the special properties of material objects, events and information that are incompatible with human characteristics.
That classification, identification and quantitative assessment of hazards and dedicated to today's lecture.


 


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Classification of hazards, dangerous and harmful factors

Danger - a negative property of matter, which is manifested in its ability to cause damage to certain elements of the universe, a potential source of harm. If it is a danger to humans, this phenomenon, processes, objects, properties, under certain conditions can cause damage to health or life of a person or system that provides the livelihoods of people.
The feeling of danger is also deeply personal tone, which mainly depends on:
a) the level of social and spiritual development of personality;
b) situation and the social system that positively or negatively affect the outlook of the citizen.
With the identification of hazards should be based on the principle "everything affects everything" that is dangerous may be all living things and inanimate, and may be subject to risk everything living and inanimate.



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Sources (carriers) are dangers

natural processes and phenomena

elements of the built environment;

unsafe human actions.

 

 

Dangers exist in space and time and are implemented as streams of energy, matter and information. Dangers do not act selectively, and there having appeared, they affect all financial environment. Reasons why some objects do not suffer from certain hazards, or one suffer more, others less, are the properties of most objects.

Nomenclature, a list of possible dangers of over 150 items and will not be considered complete. For the purpose of analysis, synthesis and development of measures to prevent negative consequences it is necessary to classification of hazards, sources that generate them, and those factors (factors) that directly lead to negative of human exposure.

Depending on the specific needs there are different classification systems - the source of origin, localization, effects, damage display area, structure, nature of human exposure to others. The most ingenious classification dangers of life of mankind on the sources of origin, in our opinion, is such, according to which all risks are divided into four groups: natural, technological, socio-political and combined. The first three indicate that the danger of their origin sector belong to the three elements of the environment, which is surrounds person - natural, man-made (material and cultural) and social. A fourth group includes natural and man-made, natural-social and socio-technological hazards, sources of which are a combination of different elements of the environment.

This classification is almost equal to the classification of emergency approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine 15.07.98, 1099, according to which the emergency (NA) in Ukraine are divided into:

- Man-made emergencies,

- Natural

- Socio-political and

- Military nature.

 

 

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In addition, with this classification in good agreement classification of dangerous and harmful production factors set GOST 12.0.003-74.

Natural sources of danger - are natural objects, natural phenomena and natural disasters that threaten life or health (earthquakes, landslides, mudflows, volcanoes, floods, avalanches, storms, hurricanes, downpours, hail, fog, ice, lightning, solar and cosmic radiation, hazardous plants, animal, fish, insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses, infectious diseases animal and plants).

Technical sources of risk - associated with human exposure to material objects and cultural environment (hazards associated with the use of vehicles, the operation of lifting and transport equipment, use of combustible, flammable and explosive substances and materials, using processes occurring at elevated temperatures and elevated pressures, using electricity, chemicals, various types of radiation (ionizing, electromagnetic, acoustic)).

 

 

The sources of man-made hazards is the appropriate objects that generate as listed in this paragraph danger and many others, who may sometimes not quite correctly be called man-made, but we refer them to the dangers associated with exposure to individual items of material and cultural environment. Such a risk, for example, can be considered and launched people breed dogs - bull-terrier, which is dangerous not only to strangers, and even for its owner. Before man-made hazards should also include the withdrawal of military laboratories in bacteria and organisms created by genetic engineering.

 

To the social sources of hazards are the dangers caused by low spiritual and cultural level: * vagrancy, prostitution *, * drinking * alcoholism, crime, etc. *. The sources of these threats is unsatisfactory financial status, poor living conditions, strikes, uprisings, revolutions, conflicts of ethnic, ethnical, racial or religious hatred.

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The sources of political dangers of ethnic conflict is and interstate levels, spiritual oppression, political terrorism, ideological, inter-party, sectarian and armed conflict, war.

 

Still, most sources of hazards are combined in nature:

natural and technological hazards - smog, acid rain, dust storms, reducing soil fertility, of deserts, and other phenomena, in-born human activity;

natural and social hazards, quaint ethnic groups, drug addiction, epidemics, infectious diseases, venereal diseases, AIDS and others;
social and technological risks - professional morbidity, professional injuries, and mental illness, off Cana industrial activity, mass and mental diseases caused by exposure to the subconscious mind and the media and special equipment, substance abuse.

When people talk about such sources of danger, as a professional morbidity, professional injuries, these imply a disease of one person, a particular type of illness, injury or accident, a phenomenon in a particular industry, region, country, resulting in reduction of productive capacity of society, social tensions, increasing overall morbidity and sometimes to social conflicts that have, in turn, are carriers of various dangerous and harmful factors.
It should be clearly aware that the presence of a source of danger does not mean that a person or group of people must necessarily be prychynena any damage or injury. The existence of sources of danger security above shows the existence or possibility of the formation of a particular dangerous situation in which would damage caused. To financial losses, damage, injury, "death or other harm resulting concrete impressive factor.
Under the damaging factors to understand the following factors of the environment, which under certain circumstances cause harm to people and life support systems of people, resulting in material damage.

 

 

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According to its origin impressive factors may be physical * including * energy (air or water shock wave, electromagnetic, acoustic, ionizing radiation, objects moving at high speed or have a high temperature, etc.) * Chemical (chemicals, substances and compounds that adversely affect humans, fauna and flora, cause corrosion, leading to destruction of objects of the environment) * biological (animals, plants, microorganisms) * Social (scrum of people) * and physiological.
Depending on the specific effects of damaging factors on the human body are in some cases (for example, in the protection of labor) are divided into bad and dangerous.
Hazard called factors such life voho environment that lead to poor health, reduced ing disability, illness and even death as a consequence of disease.
Hazardous factor called such factors of the environment that lead to injuries, burns, frostbite and other injuries of the body or its organs and even sudden death.


 

 
 

 


.The consequences of dangerous and harmful factors.

 

 


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Although the division of damaging factors for hazardous and harmful relative, because sometimes it is impossible to attribute any factor to any particular group, it is effectively used in the protection of labor to organize the investigation and recording of accidents and occupational diseases, establishing work aimed at developing measures and protection of workers, prevention of injuries and zahvoryuva refineries with oil at work.
The nature and the environment influence all dangerous and harmful factors are divided into four groups: physical, chemical, biological and physiological.

Hazardous and harmful factors are often hidden, implied or are hard to detect or recognize. This applies to any dangerous and harmful factors, as well as hazards that generate them.

The relationship between dangerous, dangerous situation (danger) and dangerous factor shown in Table. 1.


 

 

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Sources of danger, dangerous situation (danger)
and damaging factors

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Electrical network Precipice power lines Touching the bare contacts Short-circuiting Voltage step; electric current Electric current Fever; fire
flood Flooding settlement
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Please be aware that the division into a source of danger, dangerous situation and well hazard is conducted depending on the task that is put primarily on the level of the system "man - above the vital environ " in question.

It should also be aware that one source of risk can lead to all sorts of dangerous situations, and the last rise will cause yuchi various factors. In turn, the impressive factors can cause the formation ation of new dangerous situations or even sources of danger.

The modern living environment, even domestic, not to mention the production, contains many sources of danger. This electrical network and the electrical system of water supply, medicines, poisonous substances and fire risk, balconies, located on high, cape-lyvska or other weapons and more. To make a real dangerous situation, a cause or condition, a kind of "trigger mechanism" in which the potential danger becomes real. A logical process of the dangers of a potential threat triad "source of danger - the reason (condition) - a dangerous situation."

The danger is usually manifested in a certain spatial region, known as a dangerous zone.


 

 
 

 

 


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Thus, the most dangerous situation arises for a person under the following conditions:
- The danger really exists,
- The person is in the area of ​​risk;
- Person does not have sufficient means of protection, does not use them, or these tools are ineffective.

 

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Systems analysis of life safety.
A system-structural approach and system analysis - methodological basis of life safety

In nature, society and the individual effects do not exist in isolation from each other, they are interrelated and vzayemozumovleni. In its activities, we must consider this objective reality, with its links and interactions movidnosynamy. And if we need to explain any phenomenon, we first must discover the causes of it.
The main methodological principle of BC is a system-structural approach and method used therein - systems analysis.
Systems analysis - a set of methodological tools that are used for the preparation and justification of decisions with respect but complex issues.
Under the system refers to a set of interrelated components nentiv that interact in a way that achieved a certain result (goal).

When the components (elements, components) of the mind iyut not only material objects but also relationships and connections between these objects we. Any device is an example of technical systems and plant, animal or man - an example of biological systems. System, one element of which is a man called erhotychnoyu. Examples erhotychnyh systems are systems * "man - environment" * "man - machine" * "man - machine - environment" and so on.
In general, any object can be considered as a systemic entity. Systems have their own properties, which are not and can not even be in the ele ments that constitute it. This most important property of systems, called emerdzhentnistyu, underlying system analysis.
Any system is part of another system or vho shares and a different system as its element. On the other hand, individual elements of any system can be considered as a separate independent system.

 

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In the field of science on the safety system is set vzayemopov'yaza them people, processes, buildings, equipment, natural objects, and which that function in a particular environment for providing security for.
System is studied in life safety, is the system "man - living environment."
Systems analysis of life safety - a methodological dolohichni means used to identify hazards that arise in the system "man - living environment" or at the level of its component parts, and their impact on health, human health and life.
System security analysis as a method of investigation formed on the end of 50th years of XX century. When there was a new scientific discipline called "Safety Systems".
Safety systems - the science which applies engineering and management principles to ensure the necessary security, timely detection of security risks, use of tools to prevent and control these hazards during the life cycle and system. taking into account the efficiency of operations, time and cost.

Built environment has developed in the workplace trol rights. It is multifaceted. The essence of it is where nature ends and begins a person, not a biological being, but as a being that thinks, has a moral and aesthetic sense. The objects of material culture is any material substance that has not been created by God or nature, and human genius, his work. Even the smell of perfume in this plan is fundamentally different from the scent of flowers as perfume created by man, and flowers - nature.
Built environment are usually divided into domestic and industrial.
Domestic environment - a human habitat that contains a set of apartment buildings, sports facilities and cultural tour destination, as well as communal organizations and equipmen tanov. Settings for this environment is the size of living space per person, the degree of electrification, gas supply of housing, availability of central tion heating, hot and cold water, the level of public transport th et al.

 

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Work environment - an environment in which a person carries out his career. It contains a range of businesses, organizations, institutions and means of transport, communications and so on. Work environment is characterized by first parameters that are specific to each of you duction and defined its purpose. * This type of products produced on it, * output, * number of employees, labor productivity *, * energy intensity, * raw materials, waste production, etc. *.
In addition to these parameters, there are those that determine the working conditions and its safety: gassed, dust, illumination of workplaces, the level of acoustic oscillations, vibrations, ionizing radiation, electromagnetic radiation, fire and explosivity, on-patency dangerous equipment, protection of employees, the degree of labor intensity, psychological climate and many others.
But in terms of life safety as a discipline of under taken by itself, whole system "man - living environment", containing a purely domestic or purely working environment.



 


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Overall assessment and hazard characterization

2.1. Quantitative characteristics of the hazard (risk and cost).

The result is a manifestation of hazards, accidents, accident, disaster, accompanied by deaths, reduced life expectancy, injury, damage to natural or man-made environment, dezorhanizuyuchym influence on society or the livelihoods of individuals.
In order to unify any consequences defined as damage. Each separate type of damage has its quantitative expression. For example, the number of dead, wounded or sick, the area of ​​contaminated areas, the area of ​​forest that burnt down, the cost of destroyed buildings and more. The most universal means of quantitative determination of injury - this cost, ie, determining the damage in monetary terms.
The second, equally important characteristic of danger, but rather measure the hazards is the frequency with which it can manifest itself, or risk.
Examples. 15.09.2008 - automobile accident on the tourist bus route Sharm el Sheikh - Cairo (collision with a truck). Zahnulo 12 people were injured - 34. 14/09/2008 suffered a crash, the B-737 on the route Moscow - Perm (right engine fire in the approach, the pilot managed to divert the liner from residential areas). Killing all 88 people. The Government of Russia the next day promised to pay all victims of 2 million rubles.
Risk (R) is defined as the ratio of events with undesirable consequences (n) to their maximum possible number (N) over a specific period of time:

R = n / N


The formula allows to calculate the size of the general and group risk. In assessing the overall risk value of N determines the maximum number of all events and in assessing the risk group - the maximum number of events well in a particular group, selected from a total of a specified attribute. In particular, the group may include people who belongs zhat to one profession, age, sex, group can also be trans portni means one type, one class of business entities and more.

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