:
1: 1 22,4 /. Vm
n = V/Vm (4)
(..), 00 ( 273,15 ), 101,3 , 22,4 /.
3.2.1
, (. .) 48.6
: :
m (HCl) = 48,6 1.
(2)
_____________ n = m (HCI) \ M(HCl)
:V (HCl) -? n = 48,6 \ 36,5 = 1.33
2. ,
.., V = n *Vm
V(HCl) = 1,33* 22,4 = 27,79
3.2.2
, 2,8
(IV).
: :
V (SO2) = 2,8 1. :
__________ n = V \Vm, V = 2,8 \ 22,4 = 0,125
: n (SO2)-? 2. SO2
: n = n*NA,
n = 0,125 * 6,02 * 1023 = 7,5*1022
2: (D) :
D=M ( ) / M ( ) (5)
:
D H2 = M / M (H2) = M /2
D = M / M () = M / 29.
3.2.3
.
: :
(2) = 44 / 1. D (O2) = 44/29 = 1, 52
D H2 (2 ) = 44/32=1,375
(2) = 32 /
___________________
: D (O2) -?
D H2 (2 )
- , :
PV= vRT (6)
, , , V - , 3,
R - = 8,31 /,
v - ,
T-, ( )
3.2.4
200 250 51 .
: :
t =200 1. T(K)=273+ 20 =293
P=250 . 2.
m (NH3) = 51 n = m (NH3) \ M(NH3)
___________ n (NH3) = 51/17 = 3
V-? 3. -
:
V = nRT/P
V = 3*8,31*296/250 = 0,03 3
4
4.1
. , 2 , 2 1 . , .
4.1.1
, 3,972 .
|
|
:
M (MeJ3)>M (MeF3) 1. -
3,972 . ,
______________ +(127*3) = +381 /
: ()-? +(18*3) =
= +54 /
2. +381/+54 = 3,972
, = 52,
.
4.1.2
2 1,81 *1024 . .
: :
2, 3 1. - 2,
n(Ca)=n(O)=1,81*1024 - 3
______________
2. - + ,
: - 3
m-?
3. ,
: n=n*NA
nC =n = 1,81*1024/6,02*1023 = 3
4. : + =3, 3 = 3
+ = 3
{3 = 3 , . = 2, = 1.
5.
: m = n*M
m (CaC2) = 2*64 = 128 m (CaCO3) =1*100 = 100
(128 +100)=228
W m - m-.
. , %.
ω=m- / m - (7)
4.1.3
.
: :
Al4C3 1.
_______ 1,
: m=1*M =
: M(Al4C3) = ((274) + (123) = 144 /
ω (Al) -? m (Al4C3) = 144
2. Al4C3 ,
4, , :
m (Al) = n (Al) * M (Al), m (Al) = 4 * 27 = 108 .
3. ,
(7): ω (Al) = m (Al) / m (Al4C3),
ω (Al) = 108 / 144 x 100% = 75 %
4.1.4
, 1,364 .
: :
Na2HPO4*H2O 1. - ,
n (H)/n(O) =1,364 .
_______________ .
: 2.
ω (Na) -? 1+2 , 4+
3. nH/no=1,364, 1,364 = 1+2/ 4+
, . = 7.
Na2HPO4*7H2
3. - 1 ,
:
m (Na2HPO4*7H2) = 1*M
M (Na2HPO4*7H2) =1*268 = 268 .
4. Na2HPO4*7H2 , 2, :
m (Na) = n* M (Na), m (Na) = 2* 23 = 48 .
5. , (7): ω (Na) = m (Na) / m (Na2HPO4*7H2)
|
|
ω (Na) = m (Na) / m (Na2HPO4*7H2)
ω (Na) = 46 / 268* 100% = 17,2 % ( 0,172 - ).
4.1.5
(I) (II) 4 3 .
: :
Cu2O 1. Cu2O
uO y- uO
N /n (Cu) = 4/3 2+,
__________ +
ω (CuO)-?
ω (u2O)-? 2. : 4/3=2 +4/ + .
, = 2
3. (1) 144 (m=n*M), (2) 80 . 144 + 80
4. :
w (u) = m (u)/m (u2 + u),
w (u) = 144 x /144 x +80
= 2 , :
144 /144 +80*2 = 0,4737 ( 47,37%).
(II) =100% - 47,37% = 52,63%
: ω(u2O) = 47,37 %, ω(CuO) = 52,63 %
4.1.6
() 4 (4)2, 20%.
: :
4 1 - 4,
(4)2 - (4)2 ,
ω () = 20 %
__________________
: m = n *M
n4 /n(4)2 m (4) = 136
m ((4)2 = 234
2. () + , m () = n*M, m (Ca) = ( + )*40
3.
ω(a)= m(a)/ m aHPO4 + m a(HPO4)2
ω (a) = 40( + ) / 136 + 234 = 0,2
, / =1,87,
n4 /n(4)2 = 1:1,87
.
Na2SO3. , : : , . : 2 , 1 3 .
4.2.1
, . : 34,6 % ( 0,346), 23,3 % ( 0,233), 42,1 % ( 0,421). .
: :
ω (Na) = 34,6 % 1. 100 .
ω (P) = 23,3 % (3) ,
ω (O) = 42,1 % :
m(Na)=100*W(Na), m(Na) =100*0,346 =34,6
_____________ m(P) = 100*W (P), m(P) = 100*0,233 = 23,3 .
: m(O) = 100*W(O), m(O) = 100* 0,421= 42,1 .
2.
, :
n (Na) =m(Na)/M, n (Na) = 34,6/23 = 1,50 .
n (P) = m(P)/M(P), n(P) = 23,3/31 = 0,75 .
n (O) = m (O)/M(O), n(O) = 42,1/16 = 2,63 .
C .
3. :
n (Na): n (P): n (O) = 1,50: 0,75: 2,63
.
: 0,75
n (Na): n (O): n (P) = 1,50/0,75: 0,75/0,75: 2,63/0,75 = 2: 1: 3,5
, , , . , 2.
n (Na): n (P): n (O) = 4: 2: 7.
, , Na4P2O7.
4.2.2
32 /. , 87,5 %.
|
|
: :
M (NH) = 32 / 1.
- .
ω (N) = 87,5 % 2. .. ,
______________ 12,5%
: NH ( 100 %,
87,5 %,
(100 87,5 = 12,5%)
3. 100 . (3)
:
m (N) = m * ω (N), m (N) = 100 *0,875 = 87,5
m (H) = m * ω (H), m () = 100 * 0,125 = 12,5
4. ( 2):
n(N) = m (N) / M (N), n (N) = 87,5 / 14 = 7,29 .
n (H) = m (H) / M (H), n (H) = 12,5 / 1 = 12,5 .
5. :
n (N): n (H) = 7,29: 12,5
.
7,29.
: n (N): n (H) = 7,29 / 7,29: 12,5 / 7,29,
n (N): n (H) = 1 / 2.
, NH2.
6. , NH2
, .
(NH2) = (14+2)=16. , , . , N2H4.
4. 2.3
: , , . , 13,86 %, 10,4%, 35,64%, 40,1%.
: :
ω (Fe) = 13,86 % 1. 100
ω (N) = 10,4 % 4
ω (O) = 35,64% ω (Fe) = m(Fe) /100 *100% = 13,86%
ω (H2O) = 40,1% - m(Fe) = 13,68,
_______________
: :
m (N) = 10,4
m (O) = 35,64
m (H2O) = 40,1
3. , , , (2):
n (Fe): n(N): n(O): n (H2O)
13,86 /56: 10,4 /14: 35,64/16: 40,1/18
4. :
n (Fe): n(N): n(O): n(H2O)
0,25: 0,74: 2,23: 2,23.
,
n (Fe): n (N): n (O):n (H2O)
1: 2,96: 8,92: 8,92
: 1: 3: 9: 9
Fe N39(H2O)9 . , :
Fe(N3)3 *9H2O
4.2.4
, , 55,9 %.
:
ω (* H2O)=55,9 % 1.
:
ω( 2O)=m (( 2O)/m (Na2SO4*H2O)=0,559
_______________ 2. 1 ,
: m = 1* (Na2SO4 *2) = (142+ 18 )
Na2 SO4 * H2 O? m = ( H2O)=(18* )
(7) :
0,559=18 /142+18 , , =10
Na2SO4*10H2O- .
4.2.5
(III) 0,713. .
: :
Fe (NO3)3* x H2O 1. Fe(NO3)3*xH2 = 1,
ω(O) .=0,713 :
__________________ m = n *M
m (Fe(NO3)3*x H2O) = 242+ 18
-?
2. : 9+ , : m () = n *M
m () = (9+ )*16
3. :
|
|
w () = m () / m Fe(NO3)3 *H2O
w () = (9+ )*16/242+ 18
, = 9.
, - Fe(NO3)3*9 H2O
, , . .
ω m () m p-pa
ω () = m ()/m p-pa (8)
, (/) (): m p-pa = (V*) -, (8) :
ω () = m()/(V*) - (9)
4.3.1
800 (IV) 7.84 (..) SO2 .
: :
M (H2O) = 800 1.
V (SO2) = 7,84 n (SO2)=V/Vm,
_____________ n (SO2) = 7,84 / 22,4 = 0,35
: 2. (2) :
ω(SO2) --? m (SO2) = 64 * 0, 35 = 22,4
3. :
m (p-pa) = m (SO2) + m (H2O),
m (p-pa) = 22,4 + 800 = 822,4
4. (IV) (6):
ω (SO2) - = 22,4 / 822,4 *100 % = 2,72 %
ω (SO2)=2,72%
4.3.2
,
120 ( 1,1 / ) 0,15 (15 %).
: :
V p-pa=120 1. ,
- = 1,1 / : m p-pa = V* p
ω = 15 % m p-pa = 120*1,1 = 132
2. (6),
___________ m () = ω * m (p-pa),
: m -? m () = 0,15*132 = 19,8
4.3.3
1,8 / c 88 % H2SO4 300 1,3 / H2SO4 40%.
: :
V2 p-pa (H2SO4)=300 1. H2SO4,
ω2 = 40 %
2 = 1,3 / m - = V*p*ω
1 = 1,8 / m (H2SO4) = 300*1,3*0,4 = 156
ω 1 = 88%
_______________ 2.
:
V p-pa H2SO4 -? 156 = 88 %* 1,8* V (p-pa),
V (p-pa) = 156/0,88*1,8 = 98,48
4.3.4
, 20 70%- 3%- .
:
m -(3) = 20 1. ,
ω1 = 70 % 70%- :
ω2 = 3 % m(CH3COOH) = m( 1)∙ω1
_________________ m(CH3COOH = 20∙0,7 = 14 .
:
m (2) -? 2. 3%-
m ( 2) 70%- (x), :
m( 2) = m( 1) + x = 20 + x.
ω2 = ; 0,03 = , x = 447
() , 1 .
C = n/V (10)
, - , /
V - ,
4.3.5
, 42,6 300 , 1,12 /.
:
m (Na2SO3) = 42,6 1.
m (2) = 300 m (p-p) = m (Na2SO3)+m (H2O):
= 1,12 / m (p-p) = 42,6+300 = 342,6
_____________
2. :
-? V p-p (Na2SO3) = m- /p-
V- = 342,6/1,12 = 305,89
3.
n = m / (Na2SO3)
n (Na2SO3) = 42,6/126 = 0,34
4. :
(Na2CO3) = n/V
C = 0,34/305,89*10-3 =1,11 /
1. 1,485*10-18 .
2. 3,928
. .
3. 5,31 11,45. ?
4. K4[Fe(CN)6]
5. (
84,21 %) . , 3,93
|
|
6. , , 23,1%, 17,4 %, 59,5%. .
7. , , 30,5 %
8. (II) (III) 5 13 .
9. (SiC) (SiO2) 3,01*1024 . .
10. () , 45%.
1. 65,6 10%.
2. , 62,92%, 34,83% 2,25%. .
3. (II), 8,4 (..) .
4. 200 10%- 50 . KCl ?
5. , 353 , 0,85% NaCl.
6. , 120 12%- 20%- .
7. 120 20 % 40 50% . .
8. , 196 10 % ( 1,07 .)
9. 30%- , 300 , 10%- .
10. 9,3%
( 1,05 /) 0,35 / 40