.
1. :
n-n0
C%= -------
F
.
2. :
, , . , .
: :
, n = 1,3373, n = 1,3333. F -0,00142.
:
n-n0 1,3373-1,3333
C% = ------- = --------------------- = 2,8 %
F 0,00142
: C% = 2,8 %.
14. : .
:
1. : .
2. (n0). 1,333.
3. (n).
4. % .
5. n ,
n-n0
C%=-------
F
F.
6. , % , , .
7. .
15. : %
:
| n 0 | n | f |  %
| |
1
1
1
: .
2
1
: .
| , , , , , | |||
2
1
| , | |||
| I | Na+, K+, NH4+ | - | |
| II | Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2+ | HCl | AgCl↓ l, PbCl↓2, Hg2Cl2 ↓ |
| III | Ca2+, Ba2+ | H2SO4 | CaSO4 ↓, BaSO4 ↓ |
| IV | Al3+, Zn2+ | NaOH (KOH) | Al(OH)3↓, Zn(OH)2↓ |
| V | Fe2+,Fe3+,Mg2+,Mn2+ | NaOH KOH | Fe(OH)2 ↓ , Fe(OH)3,↓ , Mg(OH)2↓ , Mn(OH)2↓ |
| VI | Cu2+,Hg2+ | NH4OH | (CuOH)2SO4↓ , [Hg(NH2)]Cl↓ |
|
|
|
3
1
| I | SO32-, SO42-, 32- 2O42-, CrO42-, 33-, 472-, S2O32-, PO43- | BaCl2 | , ( ) |
| II | Cl-r- I- | AgNO3 | AgCl ↓ ) Agr ( ) AgI ( ) |
| III | NO3- NO2- CH3COO- C6H5COO- C6H4OHCOO- | --- |
4
