. , . - .
. . 40 , , 230 . 14 , , . 2.1 . 2.1. , , ( = b = ; α = β = γ ≠ 90) .
, . , (, -, - ).
().
2.1
- | |||
1. | I | a ≠ b ≠ c; α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90 | |
2. | II III | a ≠ b ≠ c; α = γ = 90; β ≠ 90 | |
3. | IV V VI VII | a ≠ b ≠ c; α = β = γ = 90 | |
4. | VIII IX | a = b ≠ c; α = β = 90; γ = 120 | |
5. | X XI | a = b ≠ c; α = β = γ = 90 | |
6. | XII XIII ‑ XIV | a = b = c; α = β = γ = 90 |
. 2.1.
, .
. , .
|
|
, , . .
, ( ). H = 1/, K = 1/, L = 1/ , H: K: L = h: k: l. (hkl) .
(100) , Z; (010) , X Z, (001) , X Y. X, Y Z.
, , . . . X [100], Y [010], Z [001], [111] .. , . 2.2.
, , , - . {hkl} , h, k, l . .
, .
<hkl>, h, k, l : <100> ‑ , ; {100} ‑ , .
. 2.2.
1. , = 1, = 2, = - 4.
, , 1/: 1/: 1/ = 1/1: 1/2: 1/(-4). , 4, 4 2. 1/: 1/: 1/ = 4: 2:(- 1). h, k, l. (42 ).
2. , (023).
, : 1/0, 1/2, 1/3. , 6 ( ). , , = , = 3, = 2. , = .
, , . , .
|
|
, , α; , , β, γ ..
.
(β -Sn) (α -Sn), .
. , . , , . , , . . 1961 . 1010 2000 . , .
2.1.5.
, .
. , = 0,565 , = 0,542 , 4 %, , .
, , Si Ge . .