Времена группы Continuous используются для выражения длительного действия, совершающегося в момент речи. Некоторые глаголы не употребляются в Continuous. Это глаголы, обозначающие чувственное
восприятие (to see, to hear…), умственную деятельность (to know, to believe, to remember, to understand…); желания, чувства (to want, to wish, to like, to love, to dislike, to hate…).
Глагол- сказуемое в Present Continuous передает действие, происходящее в настоящий момент; действие, представляющее собой непрерывный процесс; будущее действие, если оно запланировано. Глагол - сказуемое в Present Continuous образуется при помощи соответствующей формы настоящего времени глагола to be и -ing формы смыслового глагола(Participle I).
He is reading a book. I am not watching TV. Are you reading?
Past Continuous выражает прошедшее действие в процессе его совершения, т. е. незаконченное длительное действие. Глагол- сказуемое в Past Continuous образуется при помощи соответствующей формы глагола to be в прошедшем времени и -ing формы смыслового глагола(Participle I):
I was working when he came. They were not working. What were you doing?
Future Continuous выражает будущее действие в процессе его совершения. Глагол- сказуемое образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в форме будущего времени и -ing формы смыслового глагола(Participle I).
We shall be sleeping after 11. He will not be sleeping. Will you be sleeping?
Exercise. Запишите предложения в отрицательной и вопросительной форме.
1. Please, be quiet! I am working.
2. We were playing tennis.
3. She will be cooking the dinner.
4. They are spending next winter in Spain.
5. He was standing near the car.
6. Look at Alex! He is crossing the street.
7. I shall be speaking English at the meeting.
Radar as a Weapon
Найдите в словаре и запишите в тетрадь транскрипцию данных слов. Прочитайте их вслух несколько раз.
Identify, altitude, vehicle, battle, yield, digitize, essential, assault, coverage, through, weapon.
Words to be learnt
wave- волна
altitude- высота (в т. ч. над уровнем моря)
direction- направление
vehicle- транспортное средство
imaging capability- способность воспроизводить изображение
blip- короткий высокочастотный звуковой сигнал, яркая точка на экране радара
decisive- решающий (имеющий решающее значение)
to steer- управлять
to yield a signal- подавать сигнал
to require- требовать
to process- обрабатывать
to enhance- увеличить, усилить, улучшить
assault- атака, нападение, штурм
coverage- зона действия, охват
to involve- привлечь, вовлечь, задействовать
by no means- никоим образом, ни в коем случае
early- warning system- система раннего оповещения
to equip, to fit- оборудовать, оснащать
to destroy- разрушить, разбить (врага)
submarine- подводная лодка
Text
Radar is an object detection system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft, ships, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. The term RADAR was coined in 1941 as an acronym for RAdio Detection and Ranging. The term has since entered the English language as a standard word, radar, losing the capitalization. Radar was originally called RDF (Radio Direction Finder, now used as a totally different device) in the United Kingdom, in order to preserve the secrecy of its ranging capability.
Radar has been with us for nearly seven decades, when British systems designers first deployed this technology to give the Royal Air Force early warning of Nazi bombers crossing the channel to attack cities and towns in England. In those days a radar contact was just a blip on the screen; it did not offer information on the size or type of the contact, and only rudimentary information on the contact's speed and direction.
Today's radar technology is every bit as decisive as it was during the Battle of Britain, yet it is worlds away from the large, tube-based, mechanically steered, relatively low-frequency systems that once stood as electronic sentinels along the English coast. Modern radar systems often have imaging capability, can yield digitized signals quickly and easily for use with graphical overlays, can be networked together so the total system is greater than the sum of its parts, and can
serve several different functions -- such as wide-area search, target tracking, fire control, and weather monitoring -- where previous generations of radar technology required separate systems to do the same jobs. Most important, however, is the relative ease and speed with which modern analog radar signals can be converted to digital information? Not only does this open a wide variety of signal processing options, but it also enables radar information to be made available in real time or near real time on Internet-type networks for inclusion in the digital battlefield and Global Information Grid visions of the future.
Radar systems enhanced the capability of air, land, and sea forces in both defensive and offensive roles. The element of surprise in attack became more difficult to achieve. In some operations or battles the use of radar or a particular type of radar was of decisive importance. The use of the Chain Home in the battle of Britain was an essential factor in the RAF's victory. It was also the first time in history that early warning and control were used in an air battle. In the assault phase of the Normandy landings the chain again played an essential part: its radar coverage was extended by three specially equipped fighter director tenders, which finally hove to off the coast, and by the GCI (ground control of interception) and other sets which were landed on the bridgehead. The landings, involving accurate blind-bombing and naval bombardment of shore targets, and the expeditious movement of a huge air and sea armada, would have been impossible without a heavy involvement of radar.
The Allied strategic air offensive against Germany went through many phases. Overall, it was by no means a one-sided victory for RAF Bomber Command and the Eighth US Army Air Force. The German radar early-warning system was very effective so that the defenses were hardly ever surprised. In the biggest night air battle of the war, on 30 March, 1944, a force of 782 Halifaxes and Lancasters, carrying out a raid on Nuremberg, suffered 13.6% losses due in large part to the effectiveness of the German night fighters' Lichtenstein SN2 AI sets.
The Pacific war, which lasted almost four years, was essentially a naval war. American submarines and radar-equipped aircraft inflicted heavy losses on Japanese merchant shipping and tankers. The balance of naval battles, in both defensive and offensive phases of the campaign, was determined largely by the effectiveness of the American Task Forces' radar directed fighters. The ‘Great Marianas Turkey Shoot’ of 19 June 1944, during the battle of the Philippine Sea, when nearly 300 Japanese aircraft were destroyed for a loss of 30 American aircraft, was an example of the potency of well-organized radar fighter-control.
One instance where the usage of radar was critical for the Allies and in which the outcome of battle was vital to the whole conduct of the war was the battle of the Atlantic. The submarine war on Allied merchant shipping lasted from the outbreak of hostilities until the defeat of Germany. Losses such as those of June 1942 when 141 ships were sunk could not have been sustained for long. Many factors apart from radar, including code-breaking, ship-building potential, anti-submarine weapon development, and convoy procedures, denied ultimate victory to the U-boats. The use of radar, particularly the British naval Type 271 microwave set used in escort vessels, proved very successful. At the end of 1940, the ASV MkII was fitted to a variety of aircraft including Wellingtons, Whitleys, Sunderlands, and Catalinas. Later, American long-range aircraft, such as the Liberator, fitted with radar were used in the western Atlantic. At night, the combination of ASV radar which could pick up a surfaced submarine and the Leigh Light (searchlights) which could illuminate it as the aircraft made its final run in before dropping depth charges, proved a deadly weapon. The 200 MHz ASV MkII lost much of its potency due to the Germans' introduction of listening receivers on submarines. However, the advent in March 1943 of the 3GHz ASV MkIII set, which could not be detected, heralded the defeat of the submarines.
Задание I. Переведите на русский язык данные цепочки слов
Object detection, British systems designers, relatively low- frequency system, weather monitoring function, signal processing options, specially equipped fighter director tender, radar early- warning system, radar- equipped aircraft, US Task Force’s radar directed fighters effectiveness, well- organized radar fighter- control potency, anti- submarine weapon development.
Задание II. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы:
1. What does the word “radar” mean?
2. What information did early radar offer?
3. What capabilities do modern radar systems have?
4. In what military conflicts the usage of radar was decisive?
Задание III. Приготовьтесь побеседовать по изученной теме в группе и с преподавателем.
Unit 8.
Grammar Revision
