Времена группы Indefinite употребляются, в отличие от времен других групп, только для констатации факта совершения действия в настоящем (Present Indefinite), прошедшем (Past Indefinite) и будущем (Future Indefinite), без указания на его длительность, законченность и безотносительно к какому- либо другому действию или моменту.
Глагол в Present Indefinite no форме совпадает с инфинитивом глагола (без частицы to) во всех лицах, кроме 3-го лица ед. ч., принимающего окончание -s (-es). Вспомогательным глаголом для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм служит глагол do(does).
We live in Russia. We do not (don’t) live in the USA. Do you live in Russia?
She speaks English. She does not (doesn’t) speak German. Does he speak English?
По способу образования Past Indefinite все глаголы делятся на правильные и неправильные. Past Indefinite правильных глаголов образуется путем прибавления к основе глагола (Infinitive без частицы to) окончания –ed. Past Indefinite неправильных глаголов образуется различными другими способами (см. таблицу неправильных глаголов). Отрицательная и вопросительная формы Past Indefinite образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола did.
Columbos discovered America. He did not (didn’t) discover Africa. What did Columbos discover?
They came yesterday.They didn’t come on Monday.When did they come?
Future Indefinite образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов shall (для I, we), will (для you, he, she, it, they) и основы смыслового глагола. Эти
же вспомогательные глаголы служат для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм.
I shall work on Sunday. I shall not (shan’t) work tomorrow. Shall I work on Monday?
He will phone me. He will not (won’t) come. Will he phone tomorrow?
Exercise. Запишите предложения в отрицательной и вопросительной форме.
1. Our students always play sports.
2. He went to the cinema yesterday.
3. We shall be in London tomorrow.
4. The Earth goes round the Sun.
5. Tom cleaned his car.
6. Diana will pass her exams soon.
History of Radar
Найдите в словаре и запишите в тетрадь транскрипцию данных слов. Прочитайте их вслух несколько раз.
Range, receive, frequency, version, superiors, failure, accept, hazardous, future, advantage.
Words to be learnt
to develop- разрабатывать, развивать
device- прибор, устройство
range- диапазон
to receive- получать, принимать
frequency- частота
power level- уровень мощности
to install, to set- устанавливать
the same- тот же самый, такой же
to propagate- распространяться
to investigate- исследовать, расследовать
to track- следить, отслеживать
available- доступный, имеющийся в наличии
missile- ракета, реактивный снаряд
satellite- спутник
target- цель
hostile aircraft- вражеский самолет
to warn- предупреждать
to allow- позволять, разрешать
scientific research- научное исследование
to take advantage of- применять, использовать, извлечь выгоду
Text
Several inventors, scientists, and engineers contributed to the development of radar. The first to use radio waves to detect "the presence of distant metallic objects" was Christian Hülsmeyer, who in 1904 demonstrated the feasibility of detecting the presence of a ship in dense fog, but not its distance. He received Reichspatent Nr. 165546 for his pre-radar device in April 1904, and later patent 169154 for a related amendment for ranging. He also received a patent in England for his telemobiloscope on September 22, 1904.
In August 1917 Nikola Tesla first established principles regarding frequency and power level for the first primitive radar units. Before the Second World War developments by the British, the Germans, the French, the Soviets and the Americans led to the modern version of radar. In 1934 the French Émile Girardeau stated he was building a radar system "conceived according to the principles stated by Tesla" and obtained a patent for a working dual radar system, a
part of which was installed on the Normandie liner in 1935. The same year, American Dr. Robert M. Page tested the first monopulse radar and the Soviet military engineer P.K.Oschepkov, in collaboration with Leningrad Electrophysical Institute, produced an experimental apparatus RAPID capable of detecting an aircraft within 3 km of a receiver. Hungarian Zoltán Bay produced a working model by 1936 at the Tungsram laboratory in the same vein.
However, it was the British who were the first to fully exploit it as a defense against aircraft attack. This was spurred on by fears that the Germans were developing “death rays”. Following a study of the possibility of propagating electromagnetic energy and the likely effect, the British scientists asked by the Air Ministry to investigate concluded that a death ray was impractical but detection of aircraft appeared feasible. Robert Watson-Watt demonstrated the capabilities of a working prototype and patented the device in 1935.
The basic concepts of radar were developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, it was just before and during World War II that radar emerged as a practical engineering device. On 12 February 1935 Robert Watson-Watt sent a memorandum entitled "Detection of aircraft by radio methods", which Hanbury Brown calls "the birth certificate of radar." During the war, radar played a pivotal role in the success or failure of many military missions. For example, during the 1940 Battle of Britain, a radar system called Chain Home alerted the British of impending German air raids. This warning gave the British time to efficiently mobilize their limited air defense resources. It is widely accepted that the use of radar helped Britain win a decisive victory.
Since its use in World War II, radar has been used extensively by the military for a wide variety of missions, such as detection and tracking of aircraft, missiles and satellites, or other space objects. Because of its ability to detect airborne or space borne objects at great ranges (hundreds to thousands of miles), radar is an integral part of most air and missile defense systems. Air defense radars (both land-based and sea-based) detect and track targets, and guide the interceptor to the target missile or aircraft. Airborne radars detect and track hostile aircraft. They provide nations with early warning of hostile attack from ballistic missiles.
The development of radar in the USA from its origins to the end of the war can be viewed in two stages. It was born in the USA in the Naval Research Laboratory from observations made in June 1930 by Leo Young and Laurence Pat Hyland which eventually led in 1934 to Robert Page's building of 60 MHz pulse
radar set. A development of this, the CXAM, became available in November 1939. Twenty sets were installed on battleships, aircraft carriers, and cruisers in 1940.Major William Blair, the director of the Signal Corps Laboratories at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, promoted radar experiments from 1933 onwards. Simple pulse radar was demonstrated in December 1936. By May 1937, a prototype of the first US Army radar, the SCR-268, was built. Long-range radar, operating at 106 MHz, the mobile SCR 270 and its fixed counterpart the SCR-271, went into service in 1940. About 800 were produced between 1939 and 1944. By early 1942 the Aircraft Warning Service had a chain of SCR-270 and SCR-271 radars protecting the east coast from Maine to Key West and the west coast from Washington to San Diego. At the time of the Tizard mission and the exchange of information with the UK in 1940, the USA possessed a very solid and developing radar program though it lacked, perhaps, the urgency engendered by a country threatened by war. The second stage of development was initiated by the setting up of the Radiation Laboratory in November 1940, a direct result of the mission.
In addition to their historical and current use in military operations, radars have many civilian uses as well. They are used extensively for air traffic control, providing the controllers with an up-to-the-second location of all aircraft within about 60 miles (about 100 kilometers) of an airport. A variety of different radars are used to detect and study hazardous weather conditions such as tornadoes, hurricanes, and severe storms. This information is given to air traffic controllers, and assists them in providing airline pilots with flight paths that are relatively free from hazardous weather conditions. Doppler radars are used by law enforcement to monitor and control automobile speed and traffic. All large commercial maritime ships use radar as a navigation aid, allowing them to detect and track other nearby ships, landmarks, islands, navigation buoys, and hazards such as icebergs. Radars have also been used for scientific research. A major test of Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity was performed using radar.
Speculating where radar technology is going in the future can bring up some interesting possibilities. "We are seeing the convergence of radar, computing, and communications technologies and we need to take advantage of their latent synergies," says Lockheed Martin's Reep. "More and more we will move to systems that will dramatically change the way we interact with them. Much of this transformation might revolve around tactical networking, the Global Information Grid, and the advent of so-called Web 2.0 technology, ‘’ Reep says. Placing real-time radar information on tactical networks and viewing the data through Internet-like interfaces may open up new possibilities in disseminating radar to those who
need it and also blending information from one radar system with other radar or other kinds of sensors.
Задание I. Сопоставив имена, события и даты и расположив их в хронологическом порядке, проследите историю создания радара. Подготовьте краткое сообщение об этом.
| Who? | What did he do? | When? |
| 1. Christian Hülsmeyer | made observations which eventually led to radar set | in 1917. |
| 2. Nikola Tesla | produced an experimental apparatus capable of detecting an aircraft within 3 km | in 1904. |
| 3. Leo Young and Laurence Pat Hyland | was the first to use radio waves to detect the presence of distant objects | in 1934. |
| 4. Émile Girardeau | demonstrated and patented the device | in 1930. |
| 5. P.K.Oschepkov | obtained a patent for a working dual radar system | in 1935. |
| 6. Robert Watson-Watt | established principles for the first primitive radar units | in 1935. |
Задание II. Внимательно прочитав текст, ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. Who is considered to be the inventor of the radar? Why?
2. Engineers of which nations contributed to the development of radar?
3. When radar was used as a practical device for the first time?
Задание III. Найдите в тексте абзацы, в которых говорится о применении радара в военных и гражданских целях. Выпишите из них ключевые слова, которые помогут вам рассказать о применении радара.
Задание IV. Приготовьтесь побеседовать по изученной теме в группе и с преподавателем.
Unit 7.
Grammar Revision
