.
Siberian, higher, honorary, initiate, academician, license, speciality, engineering, necessary, successfully, design, science
Words to be learnt
to be found -
honorary citizen
contribution
consolidation
it waswho -
to provide
processing
environment protection
obtaining
improving
necessary training
to get a degree
design office
scientific and research laboratory -
communication satellite
means of communication
cellular (radio/telephone) (/)
deep and perfect knowledge
human activity
to enable ,
Text
Polytechnical Institute of the Siberian Federal University is one of the leading higher schools in Russia, the largest one in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. It was founded as the Krasnoyarsk Polytechnical Institute in 1956.The first Rector - an honorary citizen of Krasnoyarsk - V.N.Borisov was at the head of it during 27
years. He did much for the Institute development, its material and technical base, for the staff forming. AcademicianA.M.Staver, who became the Rector in 1983, made a great contribution in consolidation of the Institute positions as a scientific, educational and cultural centre. Professor S.A.Podlesny was the next Rector and it was he who initiated the introduction Polytechnical Institute to the Siberian Federal University in 2005. PI SFU has a certificate and a state license to train specialists according to the higher school educational programs in different directions of basic higher education, in technical, social-economic and art specialities; to provide post-university training for the Candidate of Sciences degree; additional training in different specialities and specializations.
The directions of specialists training of Polytechnical Institute are as follows: thermal power engineering, electrical energy, electrical power engineering and electrical technologies, machine-building, technologies of processing and obtaining new materials, radio electronics, computing technology, automation and control systems, informatics, transport, environment protection, ecology and nature utilization, technical physics, economics etc. The specialities connected with the oil and gas deposits exploitation, metro construction and the introduction of resources saving technologies at the enterprises, new information technologies, certification and standardization, service, ecology problem solution are being developed as well.
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Great attention is being paid to the fundamentalisation of technical education, to the development of the students creative potential. There are different educational trajectories in special higher education obtaining, retraining and qualification improving at the Institute. There are electrical-mechanical, mechanical technological, thermal power engineering, informatics and control processes, informatics and computing technology, auto transport, economic, technical physics, humanities, radio-engineering, the oil and gas faculties and others. There are different forms of training such as full-time and part-time education (evening, correspondence or extra-mural, external studies, special department) and there is a post-graduating department.
Any person who feels he is interested in radio-physics and electronics can get the necessary training at the radio-engineering faculty of Engineering Physics and Radio electronics Institute of the Siberian Federal University. Now I am a first-course cadet of a Military Educational Institute of the SFU. My future speciality is connected with army and radar stations. Ill be trained by the Candidates and Doctors of Sciences; some of them had practical experience at the Universities of the USA and Western Europe. Ill be taught to orientate myself
successfully in modern market and Ill be able to occupy with marketing and management due to my economic knowledge.
After the graduation from Engineering Physics and Radio electronics Institute of the Siberian Federal University students get a degree in radio-engineering. Most probably theyll work at a plant, design office, scientific and research laboratory, at a bank etc. But very likely theyll work long hours in front of the computer. The fields of their future occupation are closely connected with microelectronics and communication satellites, television, modern means of communication such as cellular radio/telephone, internet etc. They must have deep and perfect knowledge in all these subjects because any radio-engineer must use his knowledge in many fields of human activity, from domestic microwave oven to space communication systems.
Im sure that the main task of any radio-engineer is to enable radio-electronics, microelectronics, nanotechnology and any modern means of communication to be used more efficiently in terms of the constantly growing need for more rapid and convenient communication. Great impact of radio-electronics on modern life is likely to become even more dramatic in the near future.
I. , . c .
1. fields, the, microelectronics, with, my, are connected, of, occupation, future
2. there are, training, different, a lot of, Polytechnical, specialists, of, Institute, directions, in
3. the graduation from, a degree, will, after, get, the University, I, in, radio-electronics,
4. there are, education, different, and, full-time, training, forms, of, such as, part-time
5. future, great, the, near, in, on modern, impact, even more, of radio-electronics, dramatic, will become, life
6. the Siberian Federal University, of a full-part department, a, now, of, I, a first-year, am, student, of, and, Radio-electronics, Physics, Engineering, of, Institute
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7. knowledge, will be able, I, economic, and, my, due to, to occupy with, to, management, marketing
8. development, technical, the first Rector, material, much, for, the Institute, and, base, did, its
9. and, PI SFU, has, to train, a certificate, according to, a state license, in different directions, specialists, the higher school educational programs, of, education, higher, basic
10. initiated, Professor S.A.Podlesny, it waswho, the introduction, University, the, Federal, Polytechnical, Siberian, Institute, to, in 2005
11.at the University, are being developed, the specialities, new, as well, connected with, information technologies
II. I . .
III. , My University and future profession c
Unit 2.
Grammar Revision
there + be
there + be , () - , , .
" , , ".
There are several classifications of these phenomena. - .
, , , .
There are many students in room 205. - 205 .
Present
.. ..
There is There are
Is there? Are there?
There is not (isnt) There are not (arent)
Past
There was There were
Was there? Were there?
There was not (wasnt) There were not (werent)
Future
There will be
Will there be?
There will not (wont) be
Exercise. .
1. There is a mighty army in our country.
2. There are 6 military districts in Russia.
3. We hope there wont be any military conflicts with our neighbouring countries.
The Russian Army
. .
Europe, empire, Germany, Ukraine, Baltic, Caucasus, Siberian, colonel, lieutenant, sergeant.
Words to be learnt
General Staff
field manual
to be responsible for
compulsory military service ,
to establish ,
active-duty officer
armed forces
to consist of
army headquarters
weapon of mass distruction
to designate (-., -.),
warfare - ,
military unit
troops
Ground Forces c
Ministry of Defense
state border
to achieve independence
military district
reconnaissance
Text
Modern Russian military history begins with Peter the Great, who established the Imperial Russian Army. For the first time, under Peter the armed forces were staffed by recruits from the peasantry, whose twenty-five-year obligation made them professional soldiers and sailors devoted to service because they had been liberated from serfdom--together with all their offspring--in the bargain. Officers were nobles called to an equally rigorous lifetime service. Under Peter Russia had the largest standing army in Europe, and elements of the military system he introduced lasted until 1917.Under Catherine II the Russian Empire expanded to the west, the south, and the east, and wars were fought with the Ottoman Empire (1768-74 and 1787-92) and Poland (1794-95).Under Tsar Nicholas I Russia became known as the "gendarme of Europe," an archconservative defender of monarchies against the forces of liberation that had begun to sweep Europe in the previous century.
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The imperial army and navy disintegrated after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. Although the Bolsheviks quickly signed a peace treaty with Germany, there was soon a need for a military force to defend the new state against the anticommunist Whites. In April 1918 the Red Army was established when the Soviet government announced compulsory military service for peasants and
workers. The army's chief organizer was Leon Trotsky, the new nation's first commissar of war. Trotsky's initial officer cadre was made up of about 50,000 former tsarist officers. When the Civil War ended in 1921, General Mikhail Tukhachevskiy led an extensive program of reorganization and equipment modernization; he also established several military schools. By the mid-1930s, training schools and academies had turned out a generation of young officers and noncommissioned officers with strong political indoctrination, thus ensuring the ideological loyalty of the entire armed forces. Beginning in 1931, Tukhachevskiy began a large-scale rearmament program based on the industrial development of the five-year plans and the armed forces and their supplies of equipment were enlarged greatly as the shadow of war began falling over Europe in the mid-1930s.In 1937 the purges instigated by Joseph V. Stalin reached the army. Tukhachevskiy now first deputy commissar of war was executed for treason together with seven top generals. As many as 30,000 other officers were imprisoned or dismissed, leaving the Red Army without experienced commanders at the end of the 1930s. By the end of World War II, the Soviet armed forces had swelled to about 11.4 million officers and soldiers. At that point, this force was recognized as the most powerful military in the world. In 1946 the Red Army was redesignated as the Soviet army.
In the 1970s, the Soviet Union began to modernize its conventional warfare and power projection capabilities. At the same time, it became more involved than ever before in regional conflicts and local wars. It disappeared entirely by 1991, when the Warsaw Pact alliance dissolved. As a result, by 1994 all Soviet/Russian troops had been withdrawn from territory west of Ukraine and Belarus, as well as from the three Baltic States, which achieved independence in 1991. Together with the end of the Soviet Union as a state, the events of that period set the military on a bewildering search for a new identity and a new doctrine. As the Soviet Union dissolved there were some efforts made to keep the Soviet Armed Forces together as a single military for the new Commonwealth of Independent States. The last Minister of Defense of Soviet Union, Marshal Yevgeny Shaposhnikov was appointed supreme commander of the CIS Armed Forces in December 1991.Boris Yeltsin signed a decree on the formation of a Russian Ministry of Defense on 7 May 1992, bringing the Russian Ground Forces into existence along with the other parts of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
The primary responsibilities of the Ground Forces are the protection of the state border, combat land, the security of occupied territories, and the defeat of enemy troops. The Ground Forces must be able to achieve these goals both in
nuclear war and non-nuclear war, especially without the use of weapons of mass destruction. Furthermore, they must be capable of protecting the national interests of Russia within the framework of its international obligations. The Main Command of the Ground Forces is officially tasked with the following objectives:
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The training of troops for combat, on the basis of tasks determined by the Armed Forces' General Staff.
The improvement of troops' structure and composition, and the optimization of their numbers, including for special troops.
The development of military theory and practice.
The development and introduction of training field manual.
The ground forces organizationally consist of the military districts (Moscow Military District, Leningrad, North Caucasus, Volga-Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern), eight army headquarters,one army corps headquarters (the 68th in the Far East), tank divisions, motorized rifle divisions, artillery divisions, fortified districts, individual military units, military establishments, enterprises and organizations. The current Siberian Military District was formed by the amalgamation of the Siberian and Transbaikal Military Districts in 1998, and the Volga and Urals Military Districts were amalgamated in 2001.The branches of service include motorized rifles, tanks, artillery and rocket forces, troop air defense, special corps (reconnaissance, signals, radio electronic warfare, engineering, radiation, chemical and biological protection, technical, support, automobile and the protection of the rear), military units and logistical establishments.
The armed forces chain of command prescribed in the military doctrine clearly establishes central government control of the military. The president of the Russian Federation is the commander in chief. The Government (called a council of ministers or cabinet in other countries) is responsible for maintaining the armed forces at the appropriate level of readiness. Direct leadership of the armed forces is vested in the Ministry of Defense; the General Staff exercises operational control. Executive authority over the military lies in the office of the president of the Russian Federation. The State Duma exercises legislative authority through the Government. The minister of defense exercises operational authority, and the General Staff implements instructions and orders. The minister of defense is the nominal commander of all the armed forces, serving under the president of the
Russian Federation. In this capacity, the minister exercises day-to-day authority over the armed forces. The Ministry of Defense is managed by a collegium of three first deputy ministers, six deputy ministers, and a chief military inspector, who together form the principal staff and advisory board of the minister of defense. The executive body of the Ministry of Defense is the General Staff. It is commanded by the chief of the General Staff. The most secret of the General Staff directorates is the Main Intelligence Directorate (Glavnoye Razvedivatelnoye Upravleniye--GRU), which has been an important and closely guarded element of national security since its establishment in the 1920s. The GRU system delivers detailed information on the capabilities of Russia's most likely military adversaries to the General Staff and to political leaders.
The historical tradition of military command is considerably different in Russia. The tsars were educated as officers, and they regularly wore military uniforms and carried military rank. Stalin always wore a military uniform, and he assumed the title generalissimo. Even General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev (in office 1964-82) appointed himself General of the Army, and he encouraged portraits of himself in full uniform. By tradition dating back to the tsars, the minister of defense normally is a uniformed officer. The State Duma also seats a large number of deputies who are active-duty military officers--another tradition that began in the Russian imperial era. These combinations of military and civilian authority ensure that military concerns are considered at the highest levels of the Russian government. They also demonstrate that strict subordination of the military to civilian authority in the Western sense is neither a tradition nor a concern in Russia. The independent Russia inherited the ranks of the Soviet Union, although the insignia and uniform was altered a little.
The Table of Ranks is the following
Supreme (General) Officers Marshal of the Russian Federation
General of the Army
Colonel General
Lieutenant General
Major General
Senior Officers Colonel
Lieutenant Colonel
Major
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Junior Officers Captain
Senior Lieutenant
Lieutenant
Junior Lieutenant
Under Officers Senior Warrant officer
Warrant officer
Sergeants and Petty Officers Master Sergeant
Senior Sergeant
Sergeant
Junior Sergeant
Soldiers Gefreiter
Private.
I. , . .
1. The, Russian, whom, staffed, was, first, by, Army?
2. The, Revolution, happened, after, with, of, 1917, what, the, Army?
3. Military, in, first, Russia, established, who, the, schools?
4. The Soviet Union, Minister of Defense, was the last, of, who?
5. Responsibilities, what, primary, of, Ground Forces, the, are, the?
6. Military Districts, many, in, there, Russia, are, how?
7. Russian, Commander, in, who, the, Chief, is, Army?
8. Lieutenant, is, rank, General, or, which, Major, higher, General?
II. . , 1-2 .
III. .
Unit 3.
Grammar Revision
to have
Present
I He
You have (dont have) She has (doesnt have)
We It
They
Do you have? Does he have?
Past
I (we, she) had (didnt have)
Did they have?
Future
I (We) shall have You (they, he, she, it) will have
I shall not (shant) have You will not (wont) have
Shall I have? Will you have?
to have
1.
We have three lectures today.
2. Perfect
He has just finished his work.
3. must , ,
We have to go in five minutes.
Exercise 1. .
1. The British Army has its troops in many countries.
2. The British Empire had many colonies.
3. The Russian Government will develop relations with Great Britain.
Exercise 2. to have .
1. My parents dont have to work full-time.
2. Have you had a holiday this year?
3. They had a lot of time for shopping.
4. I havent seen my school- friends since I finished school.
5. She didnt have a car last year.
6. We had to wait for some time until he finished.
7. Does Mary have two or three children?
8. He has lost his key again.
9. Youll have to work hard if you want to study at the university.
The British Army
. .
Asia, Australasia, ally, France, expeditionary, brigadier, armour, corporal, squadron, unique, allegiance.
Words to be learnt
to come into being- ,
power-
to include-
to be allied with- ,
to break out ,
invasion -
to declare war (on) - (-.)
to deploy - , , ()
to be comprised of -
in terms of -
fighting capacity -
regiment -
platoon -
surveillance -
to result in - -, -
increase - ,
to affect smb., smth. - ;
recruitment age -
to serve on operations -
to take an oath of allegiance -
to join the army -
Text
The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. It came into being with the unification of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. The new British Army incorporated Regiments that had already existed in England and Scotland and was administered by the War Office from London. It has been managed by the Ministry of Defense since 1963. From about 1763 the United Kingdom has been one of the leading military and economic powers of the world. The British Empire expanded in this time to include colonies, protectorates, and Dominions throughout the Americas, Africa, Asia and Australasia. Although the Royal Navy is widely regarded as having been vital for the rise of the British Empire and British dominance of the world, the British Army played an important role in colonisation. Great Britain's dominance of the world had been challenged by numerous other powers, notably Germany. The UK was allied with France and Russia, and when the First World War broke out in 1914, the British Army sent the British Expeditionary Force to France and Belgium to prevent Germany from occupying
these countries. The Second World War broke out in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland. British assurances to the Polish led the British Empire to declare war on Germany. Again an Expeditionary Force was sent to France. After the end of World War II the British Army was significantly reduced in size. Despite the decline of the British Empire, the Army was still deployed around the world, fighting colonial wars. The ending of the Cold War saw a 40% cut in manpower. Despite this, in 1991 the United Kingdom was the second largest contributor to the coalition force that fought Iraq in the Gulf War.
The British Army consists of 112,990 regular soldiers (which includes 3,830 Gurkhas) plus 35,500 Territorial Army soldiers, giving it a total of around 148,000 soldiers in October 2009. The full-time element of the British Army has also been referred to as the Regular Army since the creation of the reservist Territorial Force in 1908. The British Army is deployed in many of the world's war zones as part of both Expeditionary Forces and in United Nations Peacekeeping forces. The British Army is currently deployed in Kosovo, Cyprus, Germany, Afghanistan and many other places.
The structure of the British Army is complex, due to the different origins of its various constituent parts. It is broadly split into the Regular Army (full-time soldiers and units) and the Territorial Army (part-time soldiers and units). The professional head of the British Army is the Chief of the General Staff. In terms of its military structure, it has two parallel organisations, one administrative and one operational. Administrative organisation includes Divisions administrating all military units, both Regular and TA, within a geographical area and Brigades in a non fighting capacity. The major operational command is Headquarters Land Forces (incorporating Land Command and Headquarters Adjutant General).Two or more divisions form a Corp. Division is made up of two or three brigades with a HQ element and support troops and commanded by a Major-general. Brigade is made up of between three and five battalions, a HQ element and associated support troops and commanded by a Brigadier.
There is also a battle group, a mixed formation of armour, infantry, artillery, engineers and support units, and its structure is task specific. It is formed around the core of either an armoured regiment or infantry battalion, and has other units added or removed from it as necessary. A battle group typically consists of between 600 and 700 soldiers under the command of a Lieutenant Colonel. Company of about 100 soldiers, typically in three platoons, is commanded by a Major. Platoon of about 30 soldiers is commanded by a Second Lieutenant,
Lieutenant or, for specialist platoons such as recce or anti-tank, a Captain. Section of about 8 to 10 soldiers is commanded by a Corporal. A number of elements of the British Army use alternative terms for battalion, company and platoon. These include the Royal Armoured Corps, Corps of Royal Engineers, Royal Logistic Corps, and the Royal Corps of Signals who use regiment (battalion), squadron (company) and troop (platoon). The Royal Artillery are unique in using the term regiment in place of both corps and battalion, they also replace company with battery and platoon with troop.
In contrast to the Royal Navy, Royal Marines and Royal Air Force, the British Army does not include Royal in its title. This is because historically, British Armies were comprised of individually raised regiments and corps. Nevertheless, many of its constituent Regiments and Corps have been granted the Royal prefix and have members of the Royal Family occupying senior positions within some regiments. The British Army contributes two of the three special forces formations within the United Kingdom Special Forces Command; the Special Air Service Regiment and the Special Reconnaissance Regiment. The most famous formation is the Special Air Service Regiment formed in 1941.The SAS comprises one regular Regiment and two Territorial Army Regiments and is headquartered at Duke of York Barracks, London. The Special Reconnaissance Regiment (SRR) which was formed in 2005 undertakes close reconnaissance and special surveillance tasks. The British Army does not have its own specific ensign, unlike the Royal Navy, which uses the White Ensign, and the RAF, which uses the Royal Air Force Ensign. Instead, the Army has different flags and ensigns, for the entire army and the different regiments and corps. The official flag of the Army as a whole is the Union Flag. A non-ceremonial flag also exists, which is used at recruiting events, military events and exhibitions. It also flies from the MOD building in Whitehall.
The Army mainly recruits within the United Kingdom; it normally has a recruitment target of around 25,000 soldiers per year. Low unemployment in Britain has resulted in the Army having difficulty in meeting its target, in the early years of the 21st century there has been a marked increase in the number of recruits from other (mostly Commonwealth) countries. In 2008 Commonwealth origin volunteers comprised approximately 6.7% of the Army's total strength. In total 6,600 foreign soldiers from 42 countries were represented in the Army, not including Gurkhas. After the Gurkhas (who are from Nepal), the nation with most citizens in the British Army is Fiji, with 2,185, followed by Jamaica and Ghana with 600 each; many soldiers also come from more prosperous countries such as
New Zealand, South Africa and the Republic of Ireland. The Ministry of Defense is now considering capping the number of recruits from Commonwealth countries, although this will not affect the Gurkhas. If the trend continues 10% of the army will be from Commonwealth countries before 2012. The minimum recruitment age is 16 years, although soldiers may not serve on operations below 18 years; the maximum recruitment age was raised in January 2007 from 26 to 33 years. The normal term of engagement is 22 years, and, once enlisted, soldiers are not normally permitted to leave until they have served at least 4 years. All soldiers must take an oath of allegiance upon joining the Army, a process known as attestation.
I. , , . .
1763, 1991, 1707, 1763, 1939, 1914.
__________________________________________________________
1. The British Army came into being when England and Scotland unified into the Kingdom of Great Britain in
2. The British Army has been managed by the Ministry of Defence since
3. The United Kingdom has been one of the leading military powers of the world from
4. The British Army sent its Expeditionary Force to France and Belgium in
5. The British Army declared war on Germany in
6. The United Kingdom contributed greatly to the coalition force in the Gulf War in...
II. H , . ( , , ), . , .
Unit 4.
Grammar Revision
to do
to do :
1. He will do his work in the evening
()
2. Do you speak English?
-?
He doesnt learn French
Dont go there
But I do know him
Do come to-night
, ,
Exercise 1. to do
1. Did you speak to him?-- No, I didnt.
2. Do stay with us a little longer.
3. Where does he live?
4. He will do it himself.
5. Dont open the window.
6. What did he do there?
7. I am sorry, you dont know my brother.-- But I do know him.
Exercise 2.
1. The teacher always draws on a drawing board.
2. These young men and women studied at school.
3. The students go to the institute by tram.
4. The teacher hung tables and diagrams before a lecture.
The United States Army
. .
Success, invasion, expansion, mission, guard, auxiliary, militia, measure, guidance, Georgia, maneuver.
Words to be learnt
to appoint-
to meet the demands-
to disband- ,
to fail- ,
to be unable to- -.
to resist- c
to attempt-
to desegregate- ,
to convert (to) - ()
to preserve peace- c
to provide-
to occupy- (, )
to support-
to implement- ,
to overcome-
to imperil-
to divide into-
under the authority (guidance) of-
auxiliary- ,
Text
The United States Army is the branch of the United States Military responsible for land-based military operations. It is the largest and oldest established branch of the U.S. military and is one of seven uniformed services. The modern Army has its roots in the Continental Army which was formed on 14 June 1775 with George Washington appointed as its commander, before the establishment of the United States, to meet the demands of the American Revolutionary War. Congress created the United States Army on 14 June 1784 after the end of the war to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The War of 1812 (18121815), the second and last American war against the British, was less successful than the Revolution had been. An invasion of Canada failed, and U.S. troops were unable to stop the British from burning the new capital of Washington, D.C... The Civil War (18611865) was the most costly war for the U.S. Following the Civil War, the U.S. Army fought a long battle with Native Americans, who resisted U.S. expansion into the center of the continent.
But by the 1890s the U.S. saw itself as a potential international player. The United States joined World War I (19141918) in 1917 on the side of Russia, Britain and France. The U.S. joined World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Two years after World War II, the Army Air Forces separated from the Army to become the United States Air Force on 18 September 1947 after decades of attempting to separate. Also, in 1948 the Army was desegregated. However, the end of World War II set the stage for the East-West confrontation known as the Cold War (late 1940s to early 1990s).During the Cold War, American troops and their allies fought Communist forces in Korea and Vietnam. The 1980s was mostly a decade of reorganization. The Army converted to an all-volunteer force with greater emphasis on training and technology.
Currently, the Army is divided into the Regular Army, the Army Reserve, and the Army National Guard. The Army is also divided into major branches such as Air Defense Artillery, Infantry, Aviation, Signal Corps, Corps of Engineers, and Armor. Since the Militia Act of 1903 all National Guard soldiers have held dual status: as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state and as a reserve of the U.S. Army under the authority of the President. Various State Defense Forces also exist, sometimes known as State Militias, which are sponsored by individual state governments and serve as an auxiliary to the National Guard. Except in times of extreme national emergency, such as a mainland invasion of the United States, State Militias are operated independently
from the U.S. Army and are seen as state government agencies rather than a component of the military. Although the present-day Army exists as an all volunteer force, augmented by Reserve and National Guard forces, measures exist for emergency expansion in the event of a catastrophic occurrence, such as a large scale attack against the U.S. or the outbreak of a major global war.
Control and operation is administered by the Department of the Army, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The civilian head is the Secretary of the Army and the highest ranking military officer in the department is the Chief of Staff, unless the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff or Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are Army officers.The U.S. Army is led by a civilian Secretary of the Army, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and serves as civilian oversight for the U.S. Army Chief of Staff. The Army Chief of Staff is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a body composed of the service chiefs from each service who advise the President and Secretary of Defense on military matters under the guidance of the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Through 2013, the Army is shifting to six geographical commands that will line up with the six geographical Unified Combatant Commands (COCOM):
United States Army Central headquartered at Fort McPherson, Georgia
United States Army North headquartered at Fort Sam Houston, Texas
United States Army South headquartered at Fort Sam Houston, Texas
United States Army Europe headquartered at Heidelberg, Germany
United States Army Pacific headquartered at Fort Shafter, Hawaii (eventually to be merged with the Eighth Army).
Southern European Task Force (Army component of USAFRICOM) headquartered at Vicenza, Italy
The U.S. Army currently consists of 10 active divisions as well as several independent units. The force is in the process of growth, with four additional brigades scheduled to activate by 2013, with a total increase of 74,200 soldiers from January 2007. Each division will have four ground maneuver brigades, and
will also include at least one aviation brigade as well as a fires brigade and a service support brigade. Additional brigades can be assigned or attached to a division headquarters based on its mission. Within the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve there are a further six divisions, over fifteen maneuver brigades, additional combat support and combat service support brigades, and independent cavalry, infantry, artillery, aviation, engineer, and support battalion.
Training in the United States Army is generally divided into two categories individual and collective. Basic training consists of 9 weeks for most recruits. Individual training for enlisted soldiers usually consists of 14 weeks for those who hope to hold the Military Occupational Specialty. Collective training takes place both at the unit's assigned station, but the most intensive collective training takes place at the three Combat Training Centers (CTC): the National Training Center (NTC), the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) and the Joint Multinational Training Center (JMRC)..
I. , .
1. The US Army is responsible for land-based military operations.
2. In 1775 G. Washington was appointed as a commander of the Continental Army.
3. The modern US Army was created by Congress in 1784.
4. The US Army consists of the Regular Army, the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard.
5. The reorganization of the US Army took place in the 1980s.
6. Through 2013 the US Army will have six geographical commands.
7. There are two categories of training in the US Army- individual and collective.
How many? Who? What? What kinds of? When? Whatfor? Whatof?
II.
1. Why was the Continental Army formed?
2. When did the US Army join World War II?
3. When did the US Air Force become a separate unit?
4. What is the primary mission of the US Army?
5. What are the major branches of the US Army?
6. What is the US Army controlled and operated by?
7. What military units are there in the US Army?
III. .
Unit 5.
Grammar Revision
- , . , , . .
: , , , , , . , , .
We live in Russia.
, (Participle). , , .
