Страдательный залог группы Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в Present или Past Continuous + Participle II смыслового глагола
Лицо Present Past
I am being asked was being asked
He, She, it is being asked was being asked
We, You, They are being asked were being asked
(меня, его, её, нас, (меня…спрашивали)
тебя/вас, их спрашивают)
Страдательный залог времен группы Continuous переводится глаголом несовершенного вида
During the experiment the air in the Во время эксперимента воздух
laboratory was being purified by two в лаборатории очищался двумя
ventilators вентиляторами
Страдательный залог времен группы Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени Perfect + Participle II смыслового глагола
Лицо Present Past Future
I (we, you, they) have been asked had been asked This work will
He (she, it) has been asked had been asked have been
Меня (нас, тебя, Меня…спросили done by 7
их, его, её) спросили (до того, как…) o’clock
Эта работа
будет сделана
к 7 часам
Страдательный залог времен группы Perfect переводится по общим правилам перевода глагола в страдательном глаголе
Great deposits of coal have been Крупные залежи угля (были)
discovered in our region открыты в нашем районе
The construction of this plant Строительство этого завода
had been finished by the end было завершено к концу
of last year прошлого года
Exercise. Переведите данные предложения
1. An interesting research in the field of electronics is being done at our Institute.
2. The information about these conditions was being studied by our group for a week.
3. New methods of obtaining polymers have been applied at our plant.
4. The flexible line that has been recently developed at our laboratory has greatly improved the production process.
5. One machine tool is being worked at in our laboratory.
6. New solar energy and its usage are being studied by a lot of research groups.
7. A great number of experiments at the designing institute had been made before the flood defense system was worked out.
8. Our workshop will have been equipped with new multipurpose machine tools by the time when the reconstruction of the plant is over.
9. Almost all chemical elements which have been found on Earth have been discovered in the Sun and the planets of solar system.
10. Much attention is being paid to the development of three-dimensional television.
Military Satellites
Найдите в словаре и запишите в тетрадь транскрипцию данных слов. Прочитайте их вслух несколько раз.
Manufacture, Earth, forecast, ocean, scientific, ensure, enough, deny, acknowledge, identify.
Words to be learnt
continuous- непрерывный, длительный
to forecast- прогнозировать, предсказывать
to transfer- передавать, перемещать
according to…- в соответствии с чем-то, согласно чему-то
vulnerable- уязвимый
environment- окружающая среда
similar- подобный, похожий
valuable- ценный, значимый
spy satellite- спутник- разведчик
eavesdropping- подслушивание, «прослушка»
covert communication- секретная связь
to ensure- обеспечивать, гарантировать
to take picture- фотографировать
to keep watch on…- вести наблюдение за…
safe (secure) link- безопасная линия (для связи)
retaliatory strike- ответный удар
to replace with…- заменить на…
to improve- улучшить, усовершенствовать
to reach the orbit- достигать орбиты
to afford- позволить себе
Text
An artificial satellite is a manufactured object that continuously orbits Earth or some other body in space. Most artificial satellites orbit Earth. People use them to study the universe, help forecast the weather, transfer telephone calls over the oceans, assist in the navigation of ships and aircraft, monitor crops and other
resources, and support military activities. There are six main types of artificial satellites: scientific research, weather, communications, navigation, Earth observing, and military ones. Artificial satellites are classified according to their mission. Military communication satellites differ from commercial satellites only in that they contain specialized components, certain capabilities, and multiple redundant systems designed to make them less vulnerable and more effective in a hostile environment. Military satellites include weather, communications, navigation, and Earth observing satellites used for military purposes. From orbit, it is possible to obtain a wide-field-of-view image of the Earth, its cloud formations, and their movements. This meteorological information is valuable for military planning and operations. Some military satellites, often called spy satellites, officially referred to as reconnaissance satellites, can detect the launch of missiles, the course of ships at sea, and the movement of military equipment on the ground. Here are some of reconnaissance satellite missions: high resolution photography, measurement and Signature Intelligence, communications eavesdropping, covert communications, monitoring of nuclear test ban compliance and detection of missile launches.
The earliest satellites were made for the armed forces of the United States and Soviet Union military forces, which are still in use today. The armed forces use these orbiting satellites to research battlefield information, locate known or missing troops, ensure communication, and take pictures. There are certain satellites that keep watch on signs of a possible potential nuclear missile and a nuclear explosion. One of the most important functions of military satellites is to provide reliable and secure communication links. The Armed forces need safe links to communicate with ships, aircraft, and mobile receivers on the land surface. The majority of the time these links are quiet, but during training exercises and battles the traffic will be heavy. Military satellites differ from commercial satellites in one respect: military communication satellites have periods of less activity than the commercial satellites that need to carry a continuous string of high volume traffic.
The DSP, which stands for Defense Support Program, satellites have been in GEO orbits since the 1970's. These satellites monitor the Earth's surface using sensors for detection of ballistic missiles. Any ballistic missile will be detected within seconds, which has greatly reduced the chances of a surprise attack by an enemy. The ability to detect the missiles so quickly provides enough time for a retaliatory strike.
Spy satellites are owned by several nations. The French Helios satellite can see an object as small as a bike on Earth's surface. For the most part, military satellite functions are not well-known, since they would not be spy satellites if everyone knew their capabilities. A 10 year program was started by the United States Government in the latter years of 1990 to replace DSP satellites with the SBIRS, Space-Based Infrared System. This fleet of satellites has sensors capable of detecting missile launches and will provide. The first recon information SBIRS is scheduled to be launched into geostationary and elliptical orbits by the United States Defense Department. The low-Earth orbit satellites will work with satellites in the higher orbit to improve missile warnings. The band frequencies used fall within the infrared and visible radiation areas of the spectrum.
A vast majority of the satellites the Soviet Union had launched between 1960 and 1990 carried military duties. Publicly, however, the USSR would deny the very existence of the military space program in the country. Not surprisingly, numerous military space projects have never been officially acknowledged until the last decade of the 20th century. Most Russian military payloads reaching the orbit would be identified only as Cosmos satellites with particular numbers. Any civilian satellites, whose purpose the government would not want to explain, would also receive Cosmos names. It was up to independent observers and historians around the world to struggle with a puzzle of secret space programs. They based their analysis on a combination of available official data and satellite tracking information. The post-Soviet Russia adopted somewhat "westernized" approach to information policy on military space: the military launches are identified as such and receive traditional Cosmos names. During the 1990s, Russian military assets in orbit continuously degraded, as the Ministry of Defense could not afford to launch new spacecraft to replace aging and failing satellites. The situation started changing to the better in the first decade of the 21th century. Russia also maintains global navigation satellite systems. Its Tsikada/Nadezhda low-Earth-orbit system functions similar to the United States' decommissioned Transit system. In addition, Russia operates the GLONASS navigation system. Similar to GPS, the system is less complex, but its satellites have proven less reliable than the United States' version. Receivers are available that will accept navigational data from either GPS or GLONASS.
Задание I. Скажите, верны или нет данные утверждения. Неверные утверждения исправьте, а верные дополните 1-2 предложениями. Для того, чтобы начать свое высказывание, используйте следующие фразы
It’s true (false), I agree (disagree) with…, That’s right (wrong).
1. An artificial satellite continuously orbits the Earth to provide people with valuable information.
2. There are only two types of artificial satellites.
3. Military communication satellites differ from commercial satellites in the way they are launched into orbit.
4. Spy satellites have very important missions.
5. Military satellites don’t include weather satellites.
6. To provide reliable and secure communication links is one of the most important functions of military satellites.
7. A ballistic missile can be detected within an hour by means of a military satellite.
8. Some earliest US and Soviet Union military satellites are still in use today.
9. Spy satellites are owned only by the USA and Russia.
10. In 1990s the Defense Ministry of Russia could not afford to launch new satellites.
Задание II. Приготовьтесь побеседовать по изученной теме в группе и с преподавателем.
Unit 12.
Grammar Revision
Модальные глаголы
Глаголы can (could), may (might), must, ought, need относятся к группе модальных глаголов. Модальные глаголы не употребляются самостоятельно, а только в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола. Они обозначают возможность, способность, вероятность, необходимость совершения действия, выраженного смысловым глаголом
Модальные глаголы употребляются:
1. Без частицы to (кроме ought)
I can do it.-----Я могу сделать это
You may take it.-----Вы можете взять это
I must go there.-----Я должен пойти туда
You needn’t do it.-----Вам не нужно делать этого
НО! You ought to help him.-----Вам следовало бы помочь ему
2. Без окончания – s в 3-ем лице единственного числа
He can do it.
He must go.
3. Без вспомогательного глагола to do в вопросительной и отрицательной формах
Can you do it?----You cannot do it.
May I take it?------You may not take it.
Must he go there?-----He must not go there.
Ought he to help him?-----He ought not to help him.
Need he do it?-----He need not do it.
Present Past Future Эквиваленты
Must -должен ----- ----- to have to…
Can – мочь could ----- to be able to...
могу, умею
May – в значении might ----- to be allowed to…
«разрешено»,
«возможно»
Exercise 1. Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной форме. Переведите предложения
1. We must use the tools to cut and form this metal part.
2. This equipment can produce parts with very high accuracy.
3. They could easily define the properties of this material.
4. He may complete all necessary measurements himself.
5. With the help of a new device the scientist could see some strange rays.
Exercise 2. Прочитайте и переведите предложения с модальными глаголами
1. We must use new methods in our research work.
2. Due to the energy of the atom man can produce electric energy at atomic power stations.
3. You may use this instrument for measuring gas pressure.
4. The planet Pluto is so far away that we cannot study it easily.
5. They ought to help their friends to solve this important problem.
6. He couldn’t complete his research in time as he worked very slowly.
7. You should turn off the light before you leave the room.
Laser
Пользуясь словарем, найдите и запишите транскрипцию следующих слов. Правильно прочитайте эти слова вслух и постарайтесь запомнить их произношение
Divergence, define, wavelength, incandescent, opaque, property, bounce, coupler, ensure, require, due to, junction, storage, ubiquitous
Words to be learnt
low-divergence beam – луч с низкой дивергенцией (рассеиванием)
well-defined wavelength – точно определенная длина волн
incandescent light bulb – электрическая лампа накаливания
large solid angle – большой пространственный угол
out of step with each other – не соответствующие друг другу
intermittent – прерывающийся, пульсирующий
opaque – светонепроницаемый, непрозрачный
gain medium – среда усиления
optical cavity – оптический резонатор
transparent – прозрачный
to ensure – гарантировать, обеспечивать
pumping – накачка
flash lamp – импульсная лампа
solid state – твердотельный
due to – благодаря, из-за
visible emission – оптическое излучение
junction – переход
storage device – запоминающее устройство
ubiquitous – повсеместный, встречающийся повсюду
Text
A laser is an optical device that produces coherent radiation. Because the microwave equivalent of the laser, the maser, was developed first, devices that emit microwave and radio frequencies are usually called masers. In early literature, the laser was often called the optical maser. The term “laser” is an acronym: L ight A mplification by S timulated E mission of R adiation. A typical laser emits light in a narrow, low-divergence beam and with a well-defined wavelength (corresponding to a particular color if the laser is operating in the visible spectrum). This is in contrast to a light source such as the incandescent light bulb, which emits into a large solid angle and over a wide spectrum of wavelength.
We know that light consists of waves. An ordinary light consists of waves all out of phase, out of step with each other. All the waves in a laser beam have the same wavelength. A laser beam has a very definite color. The red color of the ruby is one of the most widely seen colors in it. But the difference between an ordinary beam of ruby red light and a laser beam of ruby red light is that in the laser beam the waves are all in step with each other. This orderly behavior of the laser beam makes a big difference, and there is one to be mentioned. Most beams of light are continuous. But the laser beam is intermittent, and it is off much longer than it is on. Because these switches on and off are very fast an eye doesn’t see them. While the laser beam is off the energy for the next flash is building up, and when this flash comes, it comes very intensively. An ordinary beam of light diverges, but laser beam doesn’t diverge at all. So it carries its energy in a compact form, until it is absorbed when it strikes something opaque.
A laser consists of a gain medium inside an optical cavity, with a means to supply energy to the gain medium. The gain medium is a material (gas, liquid, solid or free electrons) with appropriate optical properties. In its simplest form, a cavity consists of two mirrors arranged such that light bounces back and forth, each time passing through the gain medium. Typically, one of the two mirrors, the output coupler, is partially transparent. The output laser beam is emitted through this mirror.
Light of a specific wavelength that passes through the gain medium is amplified (increases in power); the surrounding mirrors ensure that most of the light makes many passes through the gain medium. Part of the light that is between the mirrors (i.e., is in the cavity) passes through the partially transparent mirror and appears as a beam of light. The process of supplying the energy required for the amplification is called pumping and the energy is typically supplied as an electrical current or as light at a different wavelength. In the latter case, the liquid source can
be a flash lamp or another laser. Most practical lasers contain additional elements that affect properties such as the wavelength of the emitted light and the shape of the beam.
The first working laser was demonstrated in May 1960 by Theodore Maiman. He used a solid-state flash lamp-pumped synthetic ruby crystal to produce red laser light at 694 nanometers wavelength. Maiman’s laser, however, was only capable of pulsed operation due to its three energy level pumping scheme. Later in 1960 the Iranian physicist Ali Javan made the first gas laser using helium and neon. Javan later received the Albert Einstein Award in 1993.The concept of the semiconductor laser diode was proposed by Basov and Javan. The first laser diode was demonstrated by Robert N. Hall in 1962. Hall’s device was made of gallium arsenide and emitted at 850 nm in the near-infrared region of the spectrum. The first semiconductor laser with visible emission was demonstrated later the same year by Nick Holonyak. As with the first gas lasers, these early semiconductor lasers could be used only in pulsed operation, and indeed only when cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures (77 K). In 1970 Zhores Alferov in the Soviet Union developed laser diodes continuously operating at room temperature, using the heterojunction structure.
Recently, lasers have become a multi-billion dollar industry. The most widespread use of lasers is in optical storage devices such as compact disc and DVD players, in which the laser (a few millimeters in size) scans the surface of the disc. In industry, lasers are used for cutting steel and other metals and for inscribing patterns (such as the letters on computer keyboards). Lasers are also commonly used in various fields in science, especially spectroscopy, typically because of their well-defined wavelength or short pulse duration in the case of pulsed lasers. They have become ubiquitous, finding utility in thousands of highly varied applications in every section of modern society, including consumer electrons, information technology, science, medicine, industry, law enforcement, entertainment and the military.
Задание I. Выберите правильный ответ на вопрос по тексту:
1. What kind of device is called maser?
a) device that emits radiation
b) device that produces electrical energy
c) device that emits microwave and radio frequency
2. What does a typical laser emit?
a) visible spectrum
b) high-divergence beam
c) light in a narrow, low-divergence beam
3. What do all the waves in a laser beam have?
a) different wavelength
b) the same color
c) the same wavelength
4. What kind of beam is the laser beam?
a) continuous
b) intermittent
c) long
5. What does a laser consist of?
a) semiconductor and isolator
b) high-divergence beams
c) a gain medium inside an optical cavity
6. The material of the gain medium is…, isn’t it?
a) a silicon with chemical properties
b) a glass with physical properties
c) a material with optical properties
7. Where is light of a specific wavelength amplified?
a) in voltage
b) in current
c) in power
8. What is the process of supplying the energy required for the amplification called?
a) multiplication
b) enhancing
c) pumping
9. When did the first working laser demonstrated?
a) In 1962
b) In 1961
c) In 1960
10. Who developed the first laser diodes with heterojunction structure?
a) Nick Holonyak
b) Robert Hall
c) Zhores Alferov
Задание II. Найдите все цепочки слов в тексте и разберите их с преподавателем (последнее слово – определяемое). Выпишите их в свою тетрадь и составьте с ними свои предложения по теме “ Laser”
Задание III. Выполнив все упражнения, будьте готовы побеседовать на английском языке по теме «Laser» с группой и с преподавателем
Unit 13.
Grammar Revision
