, . . , ,, , , , . , .
(Krauss & Fussell, 1996), , , . . (Bakhtin, 1981), . , (. Mead, 1934). , , , , , -
(. Rommetveit, 1974). (Clark & Brennan, 1991; Clark & Shaefer, 1989; Clark & Wilkes-Gib.bs, 1986) , .
1999 . (Y. Kashima & Kashima; . D'Andrade, 1995; Strauss & Quirm, 1997) , , , . , (. Rumelhart, McClelland & the PDF Research Group, 1986; . Read, Vanman & Miller, 1996; . R. Smith, 1996). , , , . ( , (Bourdieu, 1977), .
. (Y. Kashima & Kerekesh, 1994; Y. Kashima et al, 2000; Y. Kashima, Woolcock & King, 1998) , , , . , , . (Kunda & Thagard, 1996; . R. Smith & De-Coster, 1998), (Read & Marcus-Newhall, 1993; Van Overwalle, 1998) (Fielder, 1996). .
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, , , , . (Kashima, 2000) , - (Bartlett, 1923,1932,1958) , ( , - [Levy-Bruhl, 1923] [Mead, 1934]). , (Kashima, 2000b) - (Bartlett, 1932), . , , , , -
. ( - ) , (., , Dawkins, 1976; Spcrber, 1996).
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