() = 0 + 1 + 2x2 +... + nn 0, 1, + 2,... n .
.
, (. relation - , ) , n- . - , - , , , , . .
1.22.
:
= {(1,2), (1,3), (2,3), (3,4), (4,3)};
Q= {(1,3), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (4,3)},
x=2, - {1,2,3,4}.
Q , : P Q = {(1,2), (1,3), (2,3), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (4,3)}.
Q - , :
P\Q :
/ 0= {(1,2), (2,3)}.
:
Q\P={(3,1),(3,2),(3,3)}.
:
Q I. | A| = 16, I 16 :
I = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1,4), (2,1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3,1), (3, 2), (3,3), (3,4), (4,1), (4, 2), (4,3), (4,4)}.
:
= {(1,1), (1,4), (2,1), (2,2), (2,4), (3,1), (3,2), (3, 3), (4,1), (4,2), (4,4)};
Q = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,4), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (4,1), (4,2), (4,4)}.
- . :
) . n- F . , . , (i j) F, , , i j, (i,j=1,2,...,n; i=j ). F.
1.23.
:
F= {(0,0,1,1,1), (0,1,1,1,0), (1,1, 0,0,1)},
5, = {0, 1}. F . , i = 3,j = 5.
(3 ~ 5)F= {(0,0,1,1,1), (0,1,0,1,0), (1,1,1,0, 0)}, F. , (3 ↔ 5) F i = 3, j ≠ 5, F;
) . Va F, F - , a - , F. , n + 1.
1.24.
F= {{a,b,c), (a,b,b), (b,b,b)}. 6. R:
|
|
R = V6 F= {(6, , b, ), (6, a, b, b), (6, b, b, b)}.
F , F T, , Q, F :
) . (i,j,..., k ) F, i,j,..., k - , . F. . . , .
1.25
2- 4- F= {(, b, b, , d), (, , b, , d), (, , , , d)}, :
M=(2,A)F={(a,b,d),(a,c,d));
) . F n. J- - . . Dj F. F.
1.26.
:
F= {(1,3,4), (1,3,5), (5,6,8), (4,5,7)}.
, j- . j = 2,
D2F= {(1, 3,4, 3), (1, 3, 5, 3), (5, 6, 8,6), (4, 5, 7, 5)}.
, , . , . , ( ).