.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


-




1. () :

) ($ x (P(x) )); ) (a (" y )); ) (R(x) ($ y (R(x) Ú Q(x, y))));

) (P(x) ($ y (R(x) Ú Q(x, y)))); ) (R(x, y) (" x P(x))); ) (Q(x) (Q(y) Q(x)));

) ; ) ; ) ( b);

) (" x (($ y P(x, y)) )); ) );

) ($ x ((" y Q(x,y)) ($ x (" y P(x,y)))); ) (U(p) Ú ($ x (V(x) U(x)))).

 

2. ()?

) (($ x P(x)) Ù )); ) (" x ($ y (P(y) Ú R(x))); ) (" x (($ y P(y)) Ú Q(x)));

) ( b); ) a Ú T(x, y, z); ) (a Ù (" y )); ) (S(x) Ú U(x, y));

) ($ y (S(x) Ú U(x, y))); ) (" x ($ y (U(y) Q(x))); ) (" x ($ y (Q(y) Ú T(x))));

3. :

) (S(x) Ú U(x, y)); ) (($ x R(x)) Ù )); ) ( E(y)); ) P(x, y);

) (a (" y )); ) ($ x ((" y Q(x,y)) ($ x (" y P(x,y)))); ) ;

) (Q(x) (Q(y) a)); ) ; ) (" x (($ y P(y)) Ú Q(y)));

) ((P(y) Ú (" y P(y))) ( Ù P(y))); ) (R(x, y) ) R(x, x).

 


III.

1. , .

 

2. , .

3. :

) Ù B B Ù A; ) B (A B Ù A); ) A Ú Ú A; ) ;

) (A Ù B C) (A (B C)); ) (A B) ((C A) (C B)).

 

4. :

(" z Q(z, t)) ($ t Q(t, p)), ($ x P(x, y)) ($ y P(y, x)), (" x P(x, y)) ($ y P(y, x)),

($ z Q(z)) ($ t Q(t)), R(x) ($ z R(z)), ((" x P(x, y)) Ù R(y)) (" t (P(t, y) Ù R(y))).

5. :

(" x P(x, y)) (" z P(z, y)), ($ x P(x, y)) ($ z P(z, y)),

(" x (" y P(x, y, z))) (" y Î A (" x Î A P(x, y, z))),

($ x ($ y Î A P(x, y))) ($ y Î A ($ x P(x, y))),

($ x (x, y)), ($ x P(x, y)) ,

(" x (x, y)), (" x P(x, y)) ,

(" x P(x, y)) Ù (" x Q(x, y)) (" x (P(x, y) Ù Q(x, y))),

($ x P(x, y)) Ú ($ x Q(x, y)) ($ x (P(x, y) Ú Q(x, y))),

((" x (, y)) Ú R(y)) (" x (P(x, y) Ú R(y))),

(($ x (, y)) Ú R(y)) ($ x (P(x, y) Ú R(y))),

((" x (, y)) Ù R(y)) (" x ((x, y) Ù R(y))),

(($ x (, y)) Ù R(y)) ($ x ((x, y ) Ù R( y ))),

(" (R(y) (, y)) (R(y) (" x (, y))),

($ (R(y) (, y))) (R(y) ($ x (, y))).

(R(y) x)

6. T:

: {x, Ú, (,)};

: x , A, B , (A Ú B) , ;

: x;

: ;

,

, x ;

T ;

T .

T ? ?

7. T S:

: {x, , Ù, Ú, (,)};

: x , A, B , , (A Ù B), (A Ú B) , ;

: x;

: ;

,

S , x ;

S ;

S .

S ? ?

8. ( , ; , ; ).

9. . ? ?

 






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