1. () :
) ($ x (P(x) )); ) (a (" y )); ) (R(x) ($ y (R(x) Ú Q(x, y))));
) (P(x) ($ y (R(x) Ú Q(x, y)))); ) (R(x, y) (" x P(x))); ) (Q(x) (Q(y) Q(x)));
) ; ) ; ) ( b);
) (" x (($ y P(x, y)) )); ) );
) ($ x ((" y Q(x,y)) ($ x (" y P(x,y)))); ) (U(p) Ú ($ x (V(x) U(x)))).
2. ()?
) (($ x P(x)) Ù )); ) (" x ($ y (P(y) Ú R(x))); ) (" x (($ y P(y)) Ú Q(x)));
) ( b); ) a Ú T(x, y, z); ) (a Ù (" y )); ) (S(x) Ú U(x, y));
) ($ y (S(x) Ú U(x, y))); ) (" x ($ y (U(y) Q(x))); ) (" x ($ y (Q(y) Ú T(x))));
3. :
) (S(x) Ú U(x, y)); ) (($ x R(x)) Ù )); ) ( E(y)); ) P(x, y);
) (a (" y )); ) ($ x ((" y Q(x,y)) ($ x (" y P(x,y)))); ) ;
) (Q(x) (Q(y) a)); ) ; ) (" x (($ y P(y)) Ú Q(y)));
) ((P(y) Ú (" y P(y))) ( Ù P(y))); ) (R(x, y) ) R(x, x).
III.
1. , .
2. , .
3. :
) Ù B B Ù A; ) B (A B Ù A); ) A Ú Ú A; ) ;
) (A Ù B C) (A (B C)); ) (A B) ((C A) (C B)).
4. :
(" z Q(z, t)) ($ t Q(t, p)), ($ x P(x, y)) ($ y P(y, x)), (" x P(x, y)) ($ y P(y, x)),
($ z Q(z)) ($ t Q(t)), R(x) ($ z R(z)), ((" x P(x, y)) Ù R(y)) (" t (P(t, y) Ù R(y))).
5. :
(" x P(x, y)) (" z P(z, y)), ($ x P(x, y)) ($ z P(z, y)),
(" x (" y P(x, y, z))) (" y Î A (" x Î A P(x, y, z))),
($ x ($ y Î A P(x, y))) ($ y Î A ($ x P(x, y))),
($ x (x, y)), ($ x P(x, y)) ,
(" x (x, y)), (" x P(x, y)) ,
(" x P(x, y)) Ù (" x Q(x, y)) (" x (P(x, y) Ù Q(x, y))),
($ x P(x, y)) Ú ($ x Q(x, y)) ($ x (P(x, y) Ú Q(x, y))),
((" x (, y)) Ú R(y)) (" x (P(x, y) Ú R(y))),
(($ x (, y)) Ú R(y)) ($ x (P(x, y) Ú R(y))),
((" x (, y)) Ù R(y)) (" x ((x, y) Ù R(y))),
(($ x (, y)) Ù R(y)) ($ x ((x, y ) Ù R( y ))),
(" (R(y) (, y)) (R(y) (" x (, y))),
($ (R(y) (, y))) (R(y) ($ x (, y))).
(R(y) x)
6. T:
: {x, Ú, (,)};
: x , A, B , (A Ú B) , ;
: x;
: ;
,
, x ;
T ;
T .
T ? ?
7. T S:
: {x, , Ù, Ú, (,)};
: x , A, B , , (A Ù B), (A Ú B) , ;
: x;
: ;
,
S , x ;
S ;
S .
S ? ?
8. ( , ; , ; ).
9. . ? ?