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6

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.

{ 1, 2 3 } V. : (, 1,2 , 3).

(, 1,2 , 3), { 1, 2, 3 },.. = 1 + 2 + z 3, , z , (,, z).

(, 1, 2 3) (1,1, z1),

(2,2, z2 ) (2 1, 2 1,, z2 z1 ).

(, i, j, k ) (1,1, z1), (2,2, z2 )

___________________..

││= √ (2 1)2 + (2 1)2 + (z2 z1)2

(1,1, z1), (2,2, z2 ) (,,z), (,) = λ,

= (1 + λ 2): (1 + λ), = (1 + λ 2): (1 + λ), z = (z1 + λ z2): (1 + λ).

.

 

. , , , .

 

6.1. 1111 . = 1, = 2, 1= 3. (1/2, 1/2, 1/3), (1, -1/3, -1), (1, 0, -5/4).

6.2. 1111 2. (, i, j, k)

i ↑ ↑ , j ↑ ↑ , k ↑ ↑ 1. 1, 1, - 11.

6.3. . ) (, ,, ),

) (, , , ).

6.4. , , , Z , Z, Z, 1, 2, 3.

, )(2,-3,4), ) (-3, , 4).

6.5. (3,8,-2), (2,1,4),

(-2,-3,6), (-1,4,0), (0,11,-6). : , , , , , , , .

 

 

(-1,0,2), (0,2,-1), (4,6,3), (3,4,6). .

 

, .

1. , , , .

(1,2,-3), (4,4,4), (-1,-2,3), (-4,-4,-4). = , .

2. , , .

= = , = = 4 .

, .

3. , , .

= 1 4 + 2 4 + (-3) 4 = 0. , , .

 

. .

 

6.6. , , (1,-3,-2), (8,0,-4), (4,8,-3), (-3,5,-1).

6.7. , ) (2,5,4), (0,1,0), (4,1,3), ) (2,1,1), (3,-1,1), (0,2,-3).

6.8. 1111: (2,-1,1), (1,3,4), 1(4,2,0), (6,0,1). .

6.9. , , , , : ) (3,2,1), (5,3,-2), (1,1,4),

) (1,-3,5), (3,-1,7), (0,4,3), ) (-1,0,4), (2,3,1), (8,9,-5),

) (3,0,-8), (1,3,4), (0,-2,1).

6.10. , λ:

) (2,4,-1), (0,3,4), λ = 2, ) (0,0,0), (3,0,4), λ = -3,

) (4, , -3), (1,5,-3), λ = ½.

6.11. . ) , (-3,0,4), (-3,1,2), ) , (-1,1,3), (0,15,0).

 

 

(-4,-1,2) (3,5,-16). , , λ = 2. Z, .

 

(,,z).

, λ = 2, (, , ) Z, , .. =0 = ½.

(, , ) , , .. = -3, z 16.

(-3, ½, -16).

 

. (-3, ½, -16).

 

6.12.

(-4,-1,2) (3,5,-16). , , Z.

 

 

(2,-3,6), (1,1,1), (5.-5,1). , , .

 

, α, (, , ).

, β. (, , ).

, , , , , , ,

= , = , = . (*)

α β , (*), α = ½, β = ½. .. α β (*), , .

 

. .

 

6.13. . , (8,-6,7) (-20,15,10) ?

6.14. , (-3,5,15), (0,0,7), (2,-1,4)

(4,-3,0). ?

6.15. : (2,1,1), (3,0,4) (0,0,16). , , ) λ = 1, ) λ = 4.

6.16. (2,-1,1). , : ) , ) , Z, Z, ) , , Z.

6.17. , : (1,2,-4), (4,0,-10), (-2,6,8).

6.18. ) 1(1,2,3) 2(1,-2,0),

1(2,-3,1)) 2(1,-3,8)), 1(-1,-1,0) 2(2,3, ), ) (1,-3, ) N(0,2,3), P(3, , -3), Q(1,-5,6).

6.19. (1,1,6),

(-2,0,2).

6.20. , (3,5,-4), (-1,1,2), (-5,-5,-2) .

6.21. , (7,2,4),

(4,-4,2), (6,-7,8), (9,-1,10) .

6.22. , (-3,1,0), (0,0,0), (2,4,6).

6.23. Z ,

(-4,1,7) (3,5,-2).

6.24. Z , (3,1,2), (4,-2,-2), (0,5,1).

6.25. , (0,0,0), (0,2,0), (1,0,0), (0,0,3).

6.26. , , (7,8,9), (9,3,7), (5,4,3), (3,9,5), .

6.27. , , : )(9,3,-5), (2,10,-5), (2,3,2), ) (, , h), (, h, ), (h, , ).

 

, , (1,4,4), (4,-1,3), (-8,7,-5).

 

1. . .. , , .. (-2,3,-1) , = .

2. . (,,z), , , = λ , ,

4 = - 12λ, + 1 = 8λ, z - 3 = - 8λ

= 4 - 12λ, = -1 + 8λ, z = 3 - 8λ,

(4 - 12λ, -1 + 8λ, 3 - 8λ). , = 0,

(3 - 12λ, -5 + 8λ, -1 - 8λ), (-12,8,-8), = 0 :

-12(3 - 12λ) + 8(-5 + 8λ) - 8(-1 - 8λ) = 0, λ =¼,

(1,1,1)

(1,4,4) (1,1,1) ,

= .

 

. = , = .

 

6.28. Z . , ) (2,1,1), (-2,0,3), ) (-3,1,1), (0,-1,2).

6. 29. , , (1,2,-1), (2,3,4), (-1,-6,-5).

6.30. , (4,1,-2), (2,0,0), (-2,3,-5).

 

.

V

(1,2,3), b (b1,b2,b3), (1,2,3). , b, , , . , ..

| 1 2 3 |

, b, | b1 b2 b3| = 0.

| 1 2 3 |

V

I = { 1, 2. 3 } II = { 1', 2', 3' }. . I ={ 1, 2. 3 } II ={ 1', 2', 3' } ∆, 1, 2 3' { 1, 2. 3 }

I II : I / II.

I, II, III V. :

1) I / II 0,

2) I / I = 1,

3) I / II = 1: (II / I),

4) (I / II) (II / III) = I / III.

Ω V. Ω : = { 1, 2. 3 }, = { b 1, b 2. b3 } ..

Ω Ω

ρ Ω Ω , ρ / > 0, , ρ , , V . . V.

V , , , , .

, . , 1, 2, 3 (), (, 1, 2, 3) ().

. , , . , , , . , ,,Z , , , Z, ,,Z- , Z, ,,Z- .

, , , , , , . , ,,Z , .

 

6.31. , , , z,

) (2,-3,1), (4,5,0), z (10,7,1); ) (4,-3,2), (0,1,0), z (-3,5,7);

) (1,3,6), (1/3, 1,2), z (13, ,5); ) (0,-15,1), (3,13,-15),

z (1,5,-3).

 

 

(1,0,3), (0,3,-4), (2,1,2), (1,-2,5). ), , ) , { , , }, { ,,} .

 

) , , , , , , . : (-1,3,-7), (1,1,-1), (0,-2,2). , , , .

| -1 3 -7 |

| 1 1 -1 | = 8,

| 0 -2 2 |

, , , , .

) .

, , { ,,}

(½, 0, -½), (0, ½, -1), (0,1,-1).

, .

| ½ 0 -½ |

| 0 ½ -1 | = > 0.

| 0 1 -1 |

, { ,,} { , , } , { , , } .

.

{ ,,} .

{ , , } , , , . { ,,} , { , , } .

 

 

{ , , } .

 

6.32. , , , , ,

) (3,1,1), (-2,1,-2), (-3,-1,0), (2, 0, 1,7); ) (1,7,8), (3,5,6),

(-1,4,4), (0,7,6); ) (1,1,0), (-1,2,-1), (0,-1,0), (-3,-3,2); ) (1,2,2), (0,3,3), (2,-5,1), (-1,-2,2).

6.33. 1111. , , 1 .

6.34. , , . : ) , , ; ) , , ;

) , , ; ) , , .

6.35. 1111. 1, , . :

) , , 1; ) 1, 11, 11; ) 11, 1, 11;

) , 1, ; ) , , , .

6. 36. (, 1, 2, 3)

1(-7,3,-2), 2(0,2,1), 3(4,-1,0), 4(-1,0,-3). , 12, 13, 14 , , { 1, 2, 3} .

 

 

I = (, 1, 2. 3)

II = (, 1', 2', 3'), Β(,, z ) Ι, 1 (1, 2,, 3) (1,2, 3), 2 (b1,b2, b3) (1,2 3),

3' (1, 2,,3) (1,2 3). (,, z), (,, z'), , ,

= 1 + b1 + 1 z' + ,

= 2 + b2 + 2 z' + (*)

z = 3 + b3 + 3 z' + z

.

, - 1 , - 2 , z' - 3', Β . , , , , z' (*), .

6.37. , :

) 1' (1,0,0), '2 (2,4,0), '3 (-3,1, ½), ' (0,0,0);

) 1' (-1,1,0), '2 (2,-1,0), '3 (0,0, 5), ' (5,0,-2);

) 1' (-1,0,0), '2 (0,1,0), '3 (0,0, - 1), ' (1,1,2);

) 1' (1,0,0), '2 (0,1,0), '3 (0,0, 1), ' (2,5,-1).

 

 

1111

I =(, , 1,) I I =(, , , 1) ) , , , ) (1,-2,3) I , I I .

 

1. I I I. I , , 1 { , 1,}

1

 

(1,0,0), (-1,0,1), (-2,0,1), 1 (0,1,0).

:

= -1 ' + (-2) ' + 0z ' + 1, = - ' -2 ' + 1,

= 0 ' + 0 ' + 1z ' + 0, = z ', (*)

z = 1 ' + 1 ' + 0z ' + 0, z = ' + '.

2. , , , (*) .

= - -2 + 1

= z

z = +

= 0, = ½, z = ½.

, ,

I I I ,

N(0, ½, ½)

3. (1,-2,3)l I I

. (*) = 1, = -2,z = 3.

1 = - ' -2 ' + 1

-2 = z '

3 = ' + ' ' = 6, ' = -3, z ' = -2.

, (6, -3,-2)l l.

 

. ) (0, ½, ½), ) (6, -3,-2)l l

 

6.38. 1111 . (, , , 1)

(, , , ).

6.39. . (, , , ) (, , , ).

6.40. 1111 , 11, 11, 1, 2, 3. (, , , 1)

(, 1, 2, 3).

6.41. I = (, 1, 2, 3)

) ( ', 1, 2, 3), (3,-4,8) I;

) (, 1', 2', 3'), 1' = 4 1 + 3 2 -6 3, 2'= -1 + 2, 3' = - 1 - 2 -5 3.

6.42. :

) = ' -3 ' + z ', ) ' = + 1, ) = ',

= ' + ', ' = 3, = ',

z = ' + 1, z ' = z, z = ' + ' + z ' + 1,

 

) = 3 ' - ' + z ', ) = ' - ' + z ' + 1,

= 4 ' - ' + 3, = - ' - ' + 2z ' + 2,

z = 7 ' - 2 ' + z ' + 4, z = z ' 3.

 

6.43. 1111, . , (, i, j, k) (, i', j', k'), i, j, k , , 1, i', j', k' 11, 1, 11.

6.44. 1111 = = , 1 = b. 1. (, i, j, k) (-10,12,3). (, i', j', k'), i, j, k , , 1, i', j', k' , , 1.

 

 





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