This university town is very beautiful. The oldest university there is Oxford. The first of its colleges was founded in 1249. The university now has thirty-five colleges and about thirteen thousand students, many of them from other countries. There were no women at Oxford until 1878, when the first women's college Lady Margaret Hall opened.
Now most colleges are open to men and women. It is not easy to get a place at Oxford University to study for a degree. But outside the university there are many smaller private colleges which offer less difficult courses and where it is easy to enroll. Most students in these private schools take business, secretarial or English language courses.
Oxford is, of course, famous for its first-class education as well as its beautiful buildings. Some of the most intelligent men and women in the country live and work here. Oxford gives them what they need: a quiet atmosphere, friendly colleagues and the four-hundred-year-old library, which has about five million books. Oxford has same of the finest architecture in Britain. Some of their colleges, chapels and libraries are there, four and even five hundred years old, and are full of books and precious paintings. You can see there many lovely gardens, where the students can read and relax in the summer months.
Vocabulary:
to enroll
chapel
precious
painting
Questions:
1. What is the oldest university in oxford?
2. When did it open?
3. What is Oxford famous for?
4. How many colleges are there in university?
5. Where do students relax and read?
Part 3
TEXTS FOR HOME-READING
Text 1
I. Words to be learnt:
make up
respectable behaviour
freely
public life
to be surprised by -
society
queue
to complain ,
to ban
to make a noise
II. Read the text and
a) write down a summarizing sentence for each paragraph;
b) prepare an oral summary of the text on the basis of the above task.
UNWRITTEN RULES OF GREAT BRITAIN
Good and bad manners make up the social rules of a country. They are not always easy to learn because they are often not written down in books. For example, British women didn't go into pubs at the beginning of this century because it was not considered respectable behaviour for a woman. Now both women and men drink freely in pubs and women are fully integrated into public life. Visitors to Britain are often surprised by the strange behaviour of the inhabitants. One of the worst mistakes is to get on a bus without waiting your turn in the queue. The other people in the queue will probably complain loudly! Queuing is a national habit and it is considered polite or good manners to wait for your turn.
In some countries it is considered bad manners to eat in the street, whereas in Britain it is common to see people having a snack whilst walking down the road, especially at lunch-time. Britons may be surprised to see young children in restaurants in the evening because children are not usually taken out to restaurants late at night. And if they make a noise in public or in a restaurant it is considered very rude. In recent years children are playing a more active role and they are now accepted in many pubs and restaurants.
|
|
|
In recent years smoking has received a lot of bad publicity, and fewer British people now smoke. Many companies have banned smoking in their offices and canteens. Smoking is now banned on the London Underground, in cinemas and theaters and most buses. It's becoming less and less acceptable to smoke in a public place. It is considered rude or bad manners to smoke in someone's house without permission.
Social rules are an important part of our culture as they passed down through history. The British have an expression for following these unwritten rules: When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
Discussing questions:
1. What make the social rules of a country?
2. What was respectable behaviour for a woman in 20th century?
3. What do you know about queuing?
4. What do you think about smoking?
5. What is the important part of our culture?
Exercises to the text:
I. Translate the words and words combinations from English into Russian. Build up your own sentences with them:
Social rules, integrate into, behaviour of inhabitants, worst mistake, national habit, in recent years, late at night, active role, without permission, to pass down.
II. Choose the Russian equivalents to the English word combinations:
| 1. country | 1. , |
| 2. always | 2. |
| 3. to consider | 3. |
| 4. snack | 4. , |
| 5. often | 5. |
| 6. turn | 6. , |
| 7. polite | 7. |
| 8. to wait | 8. |
| 9. publicity | 9. |
| 10. to get on | 10. |
| 11. | |
| 12. |
III. Fill in the blanks with the words given below and build up general questions to the sentences:
1. British women didn't go into pubs at the beginning of this century because it was not considered respectable behaviour for a ..
2. One of the worst mistakes is to get on a bus without waiting your in the queue.
3. Britons may be surprised to see young in restaurants in the evening.
4. In recent years has received a lot of bad publicity, and fewer British people now smoke.
5. Social rules are an important part of our as they passed down through history.
Children, culture, turn, woman, smoking
IV. Confirm or rebut the following statements:
1. Good and bad manners make up the political rules of a country.
2. Now neither women nor men drink freely in pubs.
3. Many companies have banned smoking in their offices and canteens.
4. Children are now accepted in many pubs and restaurants.
5. It is considered rude or bad manners to smoke in someone's house without permission.
V. Choose the right English equivalent to the words in brackets:
1. They are not always easy () because they are often not written down in books.
a) to study
b) to learn
c) to teach
2. Visitors to Britain are often surprised by the strange () of the inhabitants.
|
|
|
a) policy
b) behaviour
c) response
3. The other people in the () will probably complain loudly!
a) queue
b) turn
c) volley
4. Smoking is now () on the London Underground, in cinemas and theaters and most buses.
a) to suppress
b) to outlaw
c) to ban
5. If children () in public or in a restaurant it is considered very rude.
a) to kick up a row
b) talk a lot
c) to make a noise
VI. Translate the sentences from Russian into English:
1. , .
2. , , .
3. .
4. , .
5. , -.
VII. Comment on the expression When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
Text 2
I. Words to be learnt:
to be connected with
Catholic country
to decide
to divorce
to refuse
permission
the Anglican church
to re-enter ,
to relax
II. Read the text and
a) state the main idea of the text;
b) prepare an oral summary of the text.
RELIGION IN GREAT BRITAIN
British religion used to be closely connected with kings, queens and politics. England was a Roman Catholic country until 1534. In 1525 King Henry VIII decided to divorce his queen, Catherine of Aragon, because he fell in love with Anne Boleyn. But when Henry asked the Pope for permission todivorce Catherine, he refused. Henry was so angry with the Pope that he ended all contact between England and Rome. He divorced Catherine of Aragon without the Pope's permission and married Anne Boleyn.
In 1534 Parliament named Henry head of the Church of England. This was the beginning of the Anglican Church. The Anglican Church did not start as a Protestant Church and Henry certainly did not regard himself as a Protestant. However the Protestant movement in Europe was growing very strong at that time. When Henry quarreled with Rome and ordered the Bible to be translated into English, the way was open for Protestantism to spread in England.
Over the next years many people changed to this new religion. In 1553 Mary, Henry's daughter by Catherine of Aragon, became Queen of England. The country re-entered the Roman Church, because she was a Roman Catholic. Protestants were glad when Mary died, because while she was Queen, many Protestants were burned for their beliefs. After Marry, Elizabeth became head of the Anglican Church and Roman Catholicism was never again the official religion in England.
The Church of England is still the established church in England nowadays. But in spite of the great variety of forms of worship, only a minority of people regularly go to church in Britain today. Most people see Sunday more s a day for relaxing with the family or for doing jobs around the house and the garden.
Discussing questions:
1. Was England a Roman Catholic country until 1534?
2. Why did Henry decide to divorce the queen?
3. What was the beginning of the Anglican Church?
4. Were Protestants glad when Mary died?
5. What is the established church in England nowadays?
Exercises to the text:
I. Translate the words and words combinations from English into Russian. Build up your own sentences with them:
To fall in love, to ask for permission, to be angry with, Protestant Church, to regard, to quarrel with, over the next years, to be burnt for beliefs, official religion, in spite of, forms of worship, to do jobs around the house.
II. Choose the Russian equivalents to the English word combinations:
|
|
|
| 1. closely | 1. |
| 2. king | 2. |
| 3. to end | 3. |
| 4. to marry | 4. |
| 5. movement | 5. |
| 6. to translate | 6. |
| 7. to be glad | 7. |
| 8. to begin | 8. |
| 9. to become | 9. |
| 10. regularly | 10. |
| 11. | |
| 12. |
III. Find the missing words in the text:
1. British used to be closely connected with kings, queens and politics.
2. Henry was so angry with the Pope that he ended all between England and Rome.
3. The Church did not start as a Protestant Church and Henry certainly did not regard himself as a .
4. When Henry quarreled with and ordered the to be translated into English, the way was open for to spread in England.
5. Protestants were glad when Mary died, because while she was , many Protestants were burned for their .
IV. Make up sentences:
| 1. In 1525 King Henry VIII decided to divorce his queen, Catherine of Aragon, | 1. became Queen of England. |
| 2. He divorced Catherine of Aragon without | 2. Roman Catholicism was never again the official religion in England. |
| 3. In 1553 Mary, Henry's daughter by Catherine of Aragon, | 3. because he fell in love with Anne Boleyn. |
| 4. After Marry, Elizabeth became head of the Anglican Church and | 4. for doing jobs around the house and the garden. |
| 5. Most people see Sunday more s a day for relaxing with the family or | 5. the Pope's permission and married Anne Boleyn. |
V. Choose the right English equivalent to the words in brackets:
1. But when Henry asked the Pope for permission () Catherine, he refused.
a) to grow in number
b) to divorce
c) to multiply
2. In 1534 Parliament named Henry () of the Church of England.
a) head
b) chapter
c) rector
3. However the Protestant movement in Europe was growing very strong at that time.
a) fluctuation
b) migration
c) movement
4. Over the next years many people changed to this new religion.
a) cultus
b) religion
c) faith
5. But in spite of the great variety of forms of worship, only a minority of people regularly go to church in Britain today.
a) systematic
b) regularly
c) periodical
VI. Translate the sentences from Russian into English:
1. .
2. .
3. , .
4. .
5. , , , .
Text 3
I. Words to be learnt:
to honour
Samhain
to mistake smb. for -
to ward away
to disguise ,
to slice
spouse ,
Snap Apple Night
Nut Crack Night -
II. Read the text and
a) write down a summarizing sentence for each paragraph;
b) prepare an oral summary of the text on the basis of the above task.
ENGLISH HALLOWEEN CUSTOMS
The celebration of All Saints Day or just Halloween takes place on October 31st. The tradition of Halloween began in the fifth century B.C. This day the Irish Celts celebrated their New Year at that time, because they organized their year according to the agricultural calendar and marked the transition from one year to the next on October 31.
|
|
|
In the year 835 A. D. the Roman Catholic Church made November 1st a church holiday to honour all the saints. This day is called All Saint's Day. Since that time many years have passed. Some traditions are gone, new traditions appeared.
The most known custom is the tradition of dressing. The tradition of dressing in costume for Halloween has both European and Celtic roots. Hundreds of years ago, winter was an uncertain and frightening time. Food supplies often ran low and, many people afraid of the dark, the short days of winter were full of constant worry. On Halloween, when it was believed that ghosts came back to the earthly world, people thought that they would encounter ghosts if they left their homes. To avoid being recognized by these ghosts, people would wear masks when they left their homes after dark so that the ghosts would mistake them for fellow spirits. On Halloween, people placed bowls of food outside their homes to appease the ghosts and prevent them from attempting to enter their home.
Fire has always played an important part in Halloween. Fire was very important to the Celts as it was to all early people. In the old days people lit bonfires to ward away evil spirits and in some places they used to jump over the fire to bring good luck. Today, we light candles in pumpkin and then put them outside our homes to ward of evil spirits.
Another tradition is Apple Bobbing. It has the roman origins. The Roman festival for remembering the dead was also in October. During this time, the Romans remembered their goddess, Pomona. She was the goddess of the trees and fruits, and when the Romans came to Britain, they began to hold these two festivals on the same day as Samhain. Apples probably became associated with Halloween because of this festival. Some people believe that, if you slice an apple through the equator (to reveal the five-pointed star within) and then eat it by candlelight before a mirror, your future spouse will appear over your shoulder.
Trick or Treat was first known as Mischief Night. Halloween was a time for making mischief many parts of England still recognize this date as Mischief Night when children would knock on doors demanding a treat (Trick or Treat) and people would disguise themselves as witches or ghosts, in order to obtain food and money from nervous householders.
Halloween was sometimes called Nut crack Night or Snap Apple Night in England. Families would sit by the fire and tell stories while they ate apples and nuts.
Discussing questions:
1. When does Halloween take place?
2. When did the tradition of All Saints Day begin?
3. When did the Roman Catholic Church make November 1st the church holiday of All Saints?
4. What are the roots of tradition of dressing in costumes for Halloween?
5. Why did people wear masks and dress in costumes for Halloween?
6. Why do people light fire in Halloween?
7. What Halloween tradition do you know?
8. What is Apple Bobbing?
9. What people do on snap apple Night?
Exercises to the text:
I. Translate the words and words combinations from English into Russian. Build up your own sentences with them:
All Saints Day, Irish Celts, earthly world, to take place, according to, agricultural calendar, Roman Catholic Church, tradition of dressing, frightening time, food supplies, fellow spirits, to play an important part, evil spirits, goddess of the trees and fruits, early people, to ward away, nervous householders.
II. Choose the Russian equivalents to the English word combinations:
| 1. transition | 1. |
| 2. bonfire | 2. |
| 3. pumpkin | 3. |
| 4. goddess | 4. |
| 5. to associate | 5. , |
| 6. candlelight | 6. |
| 7. to treat | 7. |
| 8. mirror | 8. |
| 9. witch | 9. |
| 10. ghost | 10. |
| 11. | |
| 12. |
III. Complete the beginning of the following sentences:
1. because they organized their year according to the agricultural calendar and marked the transition from one year to the next on October 31.
2. made November 1st a church holiday to honour all the saints.
3. and, many people afraid of the dark, the short days of winter were full of constant worry.
4. people would wear masks when they left their homes after dark so that the ghosts would mistake them for fellow spirits.
5. to ward away evil spirits and in some places they used to jump over the fire to bring good luck.
IV. Ask questions to the underlined words:
1. The celebration of All Saints Day or just Halloween takes place on October 31st.
|
|
|
2. The most known custom is the tradition of dressing.
3. Hundreds of years ago, winter was an uncertain and frightening time.
4. On Halloween, people placed bowls of food outside their homes to appease the ghosts and prevent them from attempting to enter their home.
5. Fire has always played an important part in Halloween.
V. Confirm or rebut the following statements:
1. The tradition of Halloween began in the fifth century A.D.
2. The tradition of dressing in costume for Halloween has both American and Celtic roots.
3. Fire was very important to the Celts as it was to all early people.
4. Apple Bobbing has the roman origins.
5. Halloween was a time for making mischief many parts of England still recognize this date as Mischief Night when children would knock on doors demanding a treat (Trick or Treat) and grandparents would disguise themselves as witches or ghosts, in order to obtain food and money from nervous housewives.
VI. Choose the right English equivalent to the words in brackets:
1. Families would sit by the fire and ( ) while they ate apples and nuts.
a) to historify
b) to yarn
c) to tell stories
2. Apples probably () associated with Halloween because of this festival.
a) to become
b) to go
c) to plant oneself
3. During this time, the Romans remembered their (), Pomona.
a) theomachist
b) goddess
c) queen
4. Since that time many years ().
a) to cross
b) to go
c) to pass
5. They organized their year according to the agricultural calendar and marked the transition from one year to the next on October 31.
a) to organize
b) to establish
c) to manage
VI. Translate the sentences from Russian into English:
1. 31 .
2. , .
3. , , , , .
4. , , .
5. ?
Literature
1. .. . / .. . : -̻, 2009. 384 .
2. .. : . : / .. , .. , .. . .: : , 2005. 238 .
3. .. / .. . .: , 2007. 640 .
4. .. . English / .. . .: , 2011. 608 .
5. .. : /.. .: , 2006. 544 .
6. .. / .. , .. . .: , 2008 . 368 .
7. .. 1000. / .. . : λ, 2008. 1184 .
8. -. / -. .: : , 2010. 126 .
9. . / . . .: ; : , 2006. 122 .
1. .. - - / .. . , 2002. 543 .
2. .. - - / .. . .: , 2004. 608 .
3. .. - / .. . .: . ., 2002. 880 .
4. .. - : 210 000 , , , / .. . .: -: , 2007. 816 .
5. .. - - -: 80 000 / .. . : λ, 2006. 512 .
6. - / . .. . .: , 2006. 512 .
