( )
Present Continuous to be (am, is, are) (Present Participle) :
e.g. I am working. . He is working. .
:
e.g. Am I working?- ? Is he working? ?
not, :
e.g. I am not working. . He is not working. .
Present Continuous Tense
1. , :
e.g. He is reading a book. ().
2. , , :
e.g. He is writing a new play. - .
3. ( Future Continuous) , if, when, while ..
e.g. If I am sleeping when he comes, wake me up, please. - , , , .
4. , . , , , :
e.g. We are going to the theatre to-night. - .
Present Continuous to go Present Continuous + : I am going to work, I am going to read. I am going , :
e.g. I am going to learn French next year. - () .
Present Continuous to go :
e.g. The concert is going to take place in our club. - .
much, many
much, many - -:
1. Much, many - . Much , many :
e.g. I havent much work to do. .
Many people attended the meeting. - .
2. Much, many - : much , ; many . ( of):
e.g. Much of what you say is true. , , .
Many of the third year students will take part in this work. .
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little, few
little, few - -:
1. Little, few - . Little , few :
e.g. I have very little time. .
There were very little people there. .
2. Little, few - : little , ; few :
e.g. Little has been said about it. .
Many people were invited but few came. , .
Little few a a little - , a few - , :
e.g. Please give me a little water. , , .
I have a few books on this subject. () .
A little a few , , , little, few , :
e.g. Ive got a little time. .
Ive got little time. () .
He has a few friends. .
He has few friends. ( ) .
I. Conjugate the following verbs in Present Continuous Tense:
to work, to answer, to make, to look, to translate, to read.
II. Comment on the use of Present Continuous Tense:
1. I am reading a trade magazine now. 2. What are you doing? 3. Cant you see he is laughing at you? 4. He is going back to America. 5. Nick is spelling some new words now. 6. John is listened to the radio at the moment. 7. I am writing a massage now. 8. John and David are discussing a new text now. 9. They are leaving for Odessa tomorrow. 10. We are listening to our lecturer at the moment.
III. Make the following sentences interrogative then negative:
1. They are having a lesson now. 2. He is reading the article about ecological problems of the country. 3. My parents are working in the garden. 4. We are doing an exercise now. 5. My friend is playing football now. 6. They are reading an additional text at the moment.
IV. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present Continuous Tense:
1. I (not to read) now. 2. I (to write) an exercise now. 3. His father (not to watch) TV at the moment. 4. I (not to drink) coffee in the evening. 5. Your friend (to do) his home work now. 6. Who (to make) breakfast for you now? 7. You (to read) the magazine at the moment? 8. What she (to talk) about right now? 9. The students (to write) new grammar material at the moment. 10. A Monitor (to answer) teachers questions.
V. Build up two columns with the following adverbs according to the time:
Most of the time at present sometimes now every day these days how often usually nowadays always every now and then just often currently never right now once or twice a month not often at the moment meanwhile still.
e.g.
| Present Simple Tense | Present Continuous Tense |
| always | now |
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VI. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present Simple or Present Continuous:
1. I (to take) my sister to school now. I (to take) her to school every day.
2. I (to read) now. I (to read) every day.
3. They (to go) to the university now. They (to go) to the university every morning.
4. The students (to make) exercise at the moment. The students (to make) exercises every lesson.
5. Some students (to look) through their notes now. The students (to look) through their notes before lessons.
6. My friend (to revise) grammar rules now. My friend always (to revise) grammar rules.
7. Today we (to go) to have a test in grammar. We (write) grammar tests at the end of each term.
8. They (to speak) English now? What language they usually (to speak)?
9. Is English a special subject at your university? Yes, thats why we (to want) to master English.
10. What language our seamen (to speak) in the foreign ports? They usually (to speak) English.
VII. Put questions to the underlined words:
1. The students of our group are having an English lesson now. 2. They have two English lessons a week. 3. He is speaking to the dean. 4. There are 15 students in the laboratory. 5. Popov and Smirnov are listening to the tape-recorder. 6. He is going to enter our college. 7. He is reporting to the teacher now.
VIII. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:
1. . 2. -? , . 3. ? 4. ? 5. ? . 6. 8 , . 7. . 8. . 9. ? .
IX. Fill in the blanks using much or many:
1. Mary must not eat too salt because she has problems with her blood pressure. 2. There are lecturers at our university, and of them are women. 3. of her advice was useful. 4. She wrote us letters from London. 5. of these students dont like to look up words in the dictionary. 6. in this work was too difficult for me. 7. of their conversation was about the institute. 8. How universities are there in your town? 9. There are many canning factories in our town. 10. There are interesting books here. I would like to buy this one. How is it?
X. Fill in the blanks using little or few:
1. He has got friends. 2. We must hurry. Weve got very time. 3. There are very scholarships for students in this university. 4. I have time, so I cant go with you. 5. He has English books. 6. There is ink in my pen. 7. There was too light in the room, and I could not read. 8. There are very people who dont know that the Earth is round.
XI. Translate into English the following word combinations using little (a little), few (a few):
, , , , , , , , , . , , .
XII. Fill in the blanks using much, many, little (a little), few (a few):
1. When we walked father down the road, we met another group of students. 2. Have you got ink in your pen? 3. At the conference we met people whom we knew well. 4. There are very old buildings left in our street. Most of them have already been pulled down. 5. If you have spare time, look through this book. You will find stories there which are rather interesting. 6. There are things here which I cannot understand. 7. Shall I bring more chalk? No, thank you. There is chalk on the desk. I hope that will be enough for our lesson. 8. He had English books at home, so he had to go to the library for more books. 9. There were new words in the text, and Nick spent time learning them. 10. My mother knows English and she can help you with the translation of this letter.
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Additional task
I. Read the text and find answers to the following questions:
1) In which country is this city located?
2) What is the population of the city?
3) Who was the founder of the city?
Ottawa
Ottawa is located in the province of Ontario. It is the capital of Canada. The population of Ottawa is about 850,000. There are two main rivers in the city: the Ottawa and the Rideau.
The city of Ottawa was planned and built with an active participation of Colonel John By. He was an engineer employed at the construction of the Rideau Canal over the Rideau River. It is after him that Ottawa was firstly named Bytown. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa. Two years later Queen Victoria chose Ottawa to be the seat of the Canadian Government. Thus, Ottawa became the capital of the country.
Many of the first houses were made of wood. And during its history the town was hit by great fires several times. In the first part of the 20th century the city was reconstructed. A new plan was designed for the city by Jacques Greber, a reputed architect of the century. He planned Ottawa as a beautiful city of impressive parks, alleys, and squares. The most famous and the largest park in Ottawa is Gatineau Park. The oldest part of the city was named Lower Town. Here the historic heritage of Ottawa exists. Wellington Street is the main artery of the city. It is the center of administrative and cultural life of the city.
The city got the name "the City of Bridges", because there are a lot of bridges crossing the Rideau and the Ottawa rivers. The waters of the mighty Ottawa River were used to generate electricity. Ottawa became one of the first cities to use electric heating appliances and to set up lighting facilities in the streets and roads. Today Ottawa is a vibrant modern city with lots of attractions for its citizens and visitors. It ranks as one of the top cities to live in.
II. How are citizens of the city called?
| S |
How are citizens of the country called?
| A | A | A |
III. Make up sentences with the following words and word combinations:
| Non-ferrous metals industry | Manufacturing industry |
| Ferrous metals industry | Light industry |
| Gold mining | Heavy industry |
| Metallurgy | Raw materials |
| Hi-tech industry | Mediatory trade |
| Lumbering | Textile industry |
| Iron and steel casting | Automobile industry |
| Coal mining | Food processing |
IV. Learn about sister-cities and write down the country:
Gatineau, Quebec, C..
V. Make up your own dialogues using the following questions about Canada and Ottawa:
a) Is Ottawa the capital of the province of Ontario?
b) What is Canadas largest city?
c) Who was John By?
d) What is the Ottawa River known?
e) What is the relationship between Canada and the Netherlands?
UNIT 8
I. Read and translate the following group of words:
Island country, throughout the country, native people, independent member, national government, written constitution, the highest standards of living, medical program, health care, high-rise apartment buildings.
II. Translate from English into Russian the following words of the same root:
Population to populate populated; addition to add additional additionally additious additive; association to associate associated associative; to appoint appointment appointive appointed; to write writer written writing; medicine medical medicinally to medicate medication.
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III. Read and translate the text:
NEW ZEALAND
New Zealand is an island country in the Southwest Pacific Ocean. The country is situated on two main islands - the North Island and the South Island and several dozen smaller islands. Most of the smaller islands are hundreds of kilometers from the main ones. The population of New Zealand is about 3,910,000.
Wellington is the capital of New Zealand and Auckland is the largest city. English is the official language of New Zealand and is spoken throughout the country. Many native people speak their own language, Maori, in addition to English.
The country once belonged to the British Empire. Today it is an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations, an association of Britain and a number of its former colonies. New Zealand's currency is New Zealand dollar.
New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy. The British Monarch, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, is the monarch of New Zealand. She appoints a governor general to represent her, but the governor general has little power. The legislation, prime minister, and Cabinet run the national government. Britain gave New Zealand a constitution in 1852, when it was a British colony. But through the years the New Zealand legislature has changed almost all its provisions. Today, the nation has no written constitution.
New Zealand has one of the highest standards of living in the world. The government's medical program provides excellent health care. About 70 % of New Zealand people own their houses. Almost every family has a car. Most New Zealanders live in single-family houses with small vegetable gardens. In the larger cities, some people live in high-rise apartment buildings.
For many years, the economy of the country depended largely on agriculture. Today agriculture, manufacturing, and service industries are all important to the economy. New Zealands economy depends on trade with many countries - Australia, Britain, Japan and the United States.
IV. Words to be learnt:
to be situated
the North Island
the South Island
dozen
capital -
to appoint
governor general -
legislation
Exercises to the text:
I. Find the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column for the following:
| 1. island | 1. |
| 2. several | 2. |
| 3. to belong to | 3. |
| 4. independent | 4. |
| 5. queen | 5. |
| 6. power | 6. |
| 7. prime minister | 7. |
| 8. standard | 8. |
| 9. to change | 9. |
| 10. to live | 10. |
| 11. - | |
| 12. |
II. Fill in the blanks with the words given below:
1. New Zealand is an country in the Southwest Pacific Ocean.
2. Most of the smaller islands are hundreds of kilometers from the ones.
3. Wellington is the of New Zealand and Auckland is the largest city.
4. Many native speak their own language, Maori, in addition to English.
5. The British Monarch, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, is the of New Zealand.
People, monarch, island, capital, main
III. Confirm or rebut the following statement:
1. The country is situated on two main islands - the North Island and the South Island.
2. The population of New Zealand is about 391 000.
3. English is one official language of New Zealand and is spoken throughout the country.
4. New Zealand has one of the highest standards of living in the world.
5. New Zealands economy depends on trade with many countries - Australia, Britain, Japan and the United States.
IV. Answer the following questions:
1. Where is New Zealand situated?
2. What city is the capital of New Zealand?
3. What languages do people in New Zealand speak?
4. Who is New Zealands head of the state?
5. What is the New Zealands currency?
6. How many New Zealanders own their houses?
V. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:
1. , .
2. , .
3. .
4. .
5. .
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6. .
7. - .
8. II .
9. , .
10. , .
Grammar Material
The Past Continuous Tense
( )
Past Continuous to be (was, were) (Present Participle) :
e.g. I was working. - . We were working. .
:
e.g. Was I working? ? Were you working? ?
not, :
e.g. I was not working . We were not working. .
