1. It turned out I ______ them about my departure. They were not surprised at all at heating the news. They knew about it.
a) didnt have to tell b) neednt have told
2. Hugo _______ a taxi. Why has he done it? I could give you a lift to the airport.
a) didnt have to call b) neednt have called
3. We ______ a taxi. Alex gave us a lift to the airport. We arrived on time.
a) didnt have to call b) neednt have called
4. You ______ for a doctor. There is nothing serious at all. She fainted because it was stuffy in here. Shell be all right in a minute.
a) didnt have to send b) neednt have sent
5. Yesterday I _______ early. I had a day off. I stayed in bed till midday.
a) didnt have to get up b) neednt have got up
6. I ________ early yesterday. I had a day off. But I woke up at 7 oclock as usual and couldnt sleep any more. I got use to getting up early.
a) didnt have to get up b) neednt have got up
7. Sandra _______ the children. They were not hungry because they had just had dinner at her cousins.
a) didnt have to feed b) neednt have fed
8) You fed the cat, didnt you? Oh, you _______ that nasty animal! Hes just stolen and eaten all the sausage which I brought form the shop. Could he still be hungry?
a) didnt have to feed b) neednt have fed
9. The police _______ the bell. The door turned out to be open.
a) didnt have to ring b) neednt have rung
10. Youve just sent them a fax about the date of the conference, havent you? But you ______ this. They were informed already by the Managers assistant.
a) didnt have to do b) neednt have done
11. I _______ anything today. When I came back home my husband had already cooked dinner. It was delicious!
a) didnt have to cook b) neednt have to cook
12. You ______ the flowers. It was not necessary at all. Look, its beginning to rain.
a) didnt have to water b) neednt have watered
13. We ______ a lot of warm clothes when we went hiking. The weather was fine. The weather forecast said it was going to be fine for the next few days. So we just took sweaters with us to wear at night.
a) didnt have to take b) neednt have taken
14. Why did all of you take umbrella? You _______ them. We are going by car.
a) didnt have to take b) neednt have taken
15. Nick ______ money to buy a car. His grandfather gave it to him for his birthday.
a)didnt have to save b) neednt have saved
16. We _______. The bus was to arrive at 5 p.m. We had enough time for a cup of coffee and a sandwich. So we went to a bar.
a) didnt have to hurry b) neednt have hurried
17. Alice reserved a room long in advance. But when she arrived at the hotel she found out there were a lot of vacant rooms there. So she ______ a reservation.
a) didnt have to make b) neednt have made
18. You _____ bread. I bought some on my way home from work.
a) didnt have to b) neednt have bought
19. On Saturday Tom _______ his dog Terry. His father had a long walk with her in the park.
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a) didnt have to take out b) neednt have taken out.
SHOULD OUGHT TO
| Meaning | Forms of the modal verb | Ways of rendering in Russian | Forms of the Infinitive | Kinds of sentences | Some other ways of expressing the same meaning | Sentence patterns |
| 1.Obligation weakened to the sense of advice, desirability. | should shouldnt Should I ? ought to oughtnt to Ought I to? | Indefinite Infinitive Continuous Infinitive The Perfect Infinitive indicates that a desirable action was not carried out (an undesirable action was carried out). | affirmative negative interrogative | I advise you to do I advise you not to do I recommend you to do I urge you to do Its advisable for you to do I would advise you to do | You ought to/should help your friend. He is in trouble. You should/ought to be getting ready for your report. You ought to/should have changed for the Underground. Gorky Street is far away from here. He oughtnt to/ shouldnt have left London without visiting Hyde Park. | |
| 2.Instructions, corrections | should shouldnt Should I? | Indefinite Infinitive | affirmative negative interrogative | There is no need to do it. Its not necessary to do it. There is no necessity to do it. | This preposition should be pronouncedwith a neutral sound in an unstressed position. You should takethis medicine three times a day before your meals. | |
| 3.Disapprova, reproach for failing to do what was ones duty or moral obligation. | should shouldnt ought oughtnt | The Continuous Infinitive refers the action to the present. The Perfect Infinitive indicates that the action was not carried out. | affirmative negative | You ought to/should be speakingmore clearly. You oughtnt to/ shouldnt have allowedhim to go out so early after his illness. | ||
| 4.Supposition implying probability. | should shouldnt ought to oughtnt to | The Indefinite Infinitive refers the action to the present or future. The Perfect Infinitive refers the action to the past. | affirmative negative | Very likely he Itd likely he Most likely he Very probably he I think it probable that I expect he Probably not Its unlikely that I dont think he | This dish ought to/should bevery delicious as it has been prepared by Mother. This dish is very delicious. It ought to/should have been preparedby Mother. | |
| 5. Emotional colouring. | Should I? | Indefinite Infinitive | interrogative | Why should I? Why shouldyou helphim? How should I know? |
SHOULD
1. State the meaning of the verb should in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.
1. It was a mistake to have come; she knew it was a mistake. Should she go back even now?
2. From what you tell me youre going to have a busy day tomorrow. You should get all the sleep you can.
3. Such a door should open and close by mechanical means.
4. Ive been guilty. Shouted when I should have shut up, shut up when I should have shouted.
5. Youre mad at me. I shouldnt have come.
6. Didnt he say anything to you about it? You should have asked him.
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7. I thought youd be pleased?
8. He could see no reason why she should have lied.
9. You shouldnt have come here, Henry, Im busy.
10. If papers are private and not meat to be looked at, they shouldnt be laid out on a table.
11. She told me exactly what I should say.
2. Give a piece of advice using the modal verb should and the words in brackets.
