1. A bird may be known by its song.
.
2. You might have heard a pin drop.
, .
11. Translate the following sentences into English. Use the modal verbs can (could) and may (might).
1. , .
2. , .
3. ,
4. ?
5. , .
6. , .
7. , .
8. , .
9. ?
10. ?
11. , .
12. , .
13. , .
14. ?
15. ?
16. , .
17. , , .
18. , , .
19. .
20. .
21. , .
22. .
12. Translate the following sentences into English. Use the modal verbs can and may.
1. ? .
2. , , .
3. , : .
4. , . , .
5. , .
6. ?
7. , , .
8. .
9. , .
10. ? .
11. , . .
12. , .
13. , - .
14. , - : 10 .
15. . .
16. .
17. .
18. , .
19. ? , .
15. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the infinitive after the modal verbs can and may. Comment on the meanings they are used in. Speak on the topic raised in the extract.
Dear Edward, I think we were wise to part. We were too unsuited to one another, and our difficulties could only (to increase). I see that if we had continued to live together our quarrels might (to increase) perpetually. It is horrible to back upon those vulgar brawls. I cannot (to understand) how you could (to utter) such things Perhaps it might (to be) different if we had had children; they might (to form) between us a truer link, and perhaps in the delight of them I could (to forget) my impracticable dreams. But fate was against us If you had asked me not to go, if you had ever showed the smallest sign of regretting my departure, I think U might (to break down). Yes, I can (to tell) you now that I could (to give) anything to stay. But now the worst is over. I have taken the step and shall adhere to what I have done I think I had better not see you at all events for some time
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(After W.S. Maugham).
MUST
| Meaning | Forms of the modal verb | Ways of rendering in Russian | Forms of the Infinitive | Kinds of sentences | Some other ways of expressing the same meaning | Sentence patterns |
| 1.Obliga-tion, necessity with no freedom of choice or from the speakers point of view. | must -in present or future time contexts; in past time contexts in Indirect Speech | Indefinite Infinitive | affirmative interrogative | to be obliged to its necessary for smb to do smth | If you have a new heart attack you must be takento hospital. What musthe doto keep fit? He said he must goto the dentist. | |
| 2. Prohibition | mustnt | Indefinite Infinitive | negative | to be forbidden | Students mustnt stay away from classes without a good reason. | |
| 3.Emphatic request or advise. | must mustnt | Indefinite Infinitive | affirmative negative | You mustnt missthe film. Its worth while seeing it. You must dropin at the chemists on your way home. | ||
| 4.Supposi-tion, implying assurance, strong probability. | must | , , , -, , - | Indefinite Infinitive Continuous Infinitive Perfect Infinitive Perfect Continuous Infinitive | Only in the affirmative form in affirmative and negative sentences. | probably,evidently, surely, no doubt, undoubtedly, its clear that, in all probability | He must be too old to wander about the city so long. They must be admiringthe beautiful flowers in Hyde Park now. They must have been watchingswans and ducks floating on the pond for an hour. She must have got usedto their customs and traditions. |
Notes: 1.Absence of necessity is expressed by neednt.
e.g. Must I mention all thosefacts in my report?
-Yes, you must. They are important.
- No, you neednt. They are of no use.
2. Must is not used in the negative form to express supposition implying assurance. This meaning is expressed by: a) Evidently (probably) they didnt come to any agreement; b) They must have failed to come to any agreement; c) They must have misunderstood us; d) He must never have guessed the truth; e) No one must have told them the truth;
3. Must is not used with reference to the future. In thiscase its equivalents are used.
e.g. She is likely (unlikely) to come.
1. Determine the meaning of the modal verb must. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Lets go straight to the hotel. You must be pretty well done up and your aunt and sister are half dead.
2. I tried to feel my heart. It had stopped beating. It must have been there all the time, and must have been beating, but I couldnt feel it.
3. You mustnt speak to the gentleman like this, girl, said Mrs. Pierce.
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4. The story was boring. She must have told it to him at least six times.
5. Though he must have been thirty-four or thirty-five he looked much younger.
6. You must see her in that play. Absolutely marvelous!
7. We must turn out early in the morning, said Edward.
8. Must I make a clean breast of everything? No, I dont think so with her quick intelligence she will understand.
9. He must have failed to make good and was afraid to tell it to her frankly.
10. You must have been misunderstood. Everybody knows that you have gained a great deal of valuable experience.
11.Its eleven they must have been in conference for more than two hours!
12. When we arrived the guests must have been discussing the latest sensation.
13. Lady Bradly said her husband must be waiting for me in the conservatory.
14. Oh, Jack, you must come away at once before it is too late.
15. Judging by his face he must be furious with the old man.
2. Change the following sentences using the modal verb must to express probability and the appropriate form of the infinitive.
Example: Evidently he is at home. He must be at home.
A.
1. Evidently he is absent-minded.
2. Surely he is working at his lecture now.
3. Probably the subject is too difficult for him.
4. Evidently he is teaching at that college.
5. It is probable that Jacob is feeling better.
6. Surely the friends are talking about something interesting.
7. He is likely to be disappointed with his new work.
8. No doubt they are trying to persuade her.
9. Certainly she is enjoying herself.
B.
1. Certainly it was a funny experience.
2. Of course you saw things more objectively than I did.
3. Probably John called on them last week.
4. Evidently they have been playing bridge all evening.
5. Probably he has been looking up words in the dictionary for the past half an hour.
6. Surely the Smiths have known him for ages.
7. Of course, Mr. Hunter has made good progress in French.
8. Surely David had his final examination last spring.
