Scientists have discovered that a laser beam can be effectively used to record alphanumeric data and sound on crystals. According to Russian researchers a method for recording information on crystals by means of a laser has already been developed, but advanced technologies are needed to make it commercially applicable.
At present researchers are looking for the most suitable chemical compounds to be used as data storages and trying to determine optimum recording conditions. Theoretically, the entire "Great Soviet Encyclopedia" can be recorded on a single tiny crystal.
As far back as 1845, Michael Faraday discovered that a light beam reverses its polarization as it passes through a magnetized crystal. Scientists of our day have used this phenomenon to identify crystalline materials capable of storing information. Lasers have been successfully employed to record information on and read it off.
No ideal data storage crystal has yet been found, but it is obvious now that the future of computer engineering lies in lasers and optoelectronics. As paper gave way to magnetic tape, so the latter is to be replaced by tiny crystals.
Science and International Cooperation
One of the most striking features of modern science is the increasing tendency towards closer cooperation between scientists and scientific organizations (institutions) all over the world. In fact, it is becoming more and more evident that many of the problems that affect the world today cannot be solved without joining scientific efforts and material resources on a world-wide scale. The exploration of space, world finance, global environment protection problems and the development of new sources of power, such as atomic energy, are the examples areas of scientific research which are so costly and complicated that it is difficult for a single country to solve them efficiently and in a short period of time. The renewal of international scientific cooperation was demonstrated in the sharing of data which were obtained by Russian, Japanese and European space probes in 1986 on Halley's comet.
Many countries were successfully cooperating on a programme called Intercosmos and had already launched 23 Intercosmos satellites, 11 vertical geophysical rockets and a large number of satellites. Space exploration programmes are being conducted between Russia and Austria, India, France, Sweden and other countries. Joint manned flights by Russian and foreign cosmonauts included citizens from numerous countries. 12 international crews have worked in orbit and carried out more than 200 scientific experiments.
Everyone is interested in the possibility of Russia USA cooperation in space exploration. Joint scientific ventures () for the benefit of all mankind are a sign of mutual trust in human cooperation that can only strengthen peace. Space is our last frontier and we have the opportunity now to prevent it from becoming another source of conflict. If we began to establish a cooperative relationship in space today, this dream could become a reality. Russia and the United States can and must overcome their differences. It is necessary to understand that a state of permanent animosity () is not constructive for either side. There is no doubt that improved relations between these countries and cooperation, especially in the latest technology will continue to develop for the benefit of all mankind. Having obtained the enormous power of nuclear weapons to destroy the world, we have no longer an alternative.
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Optical Technology
One of the most interesting developments in telecommunication is the rapid progress of optical communication where optical fibers are replacing conventional telephone wires and cables. Just as digital technologies greatly improved the telephone system, optical communication promises a considerable increase in capacity, quality, performance and reliability of the global telecommunication network. New technologies such as optical fibers will increase the speed of telecommunication and provide new, specialized information service. Voice, computer data, even video images, will be increasingly integrated into a single digital communication network capable to process and transmit virtually any kind of information.
It is a result of combining two technologies: the laser, first demonstrated in 1960, and the fabrication 10 years later of ultra-thin silicon fibers which can serve as lightwave conductors. With the further development of very efficient lasers plus continually improved techniques to produce thin silica fibers of incredible transparency, optical systems can transmit pulses of light as far as 135 kilometers without the need for amplification or regeneration.
At present high-capacity optical transmission systems are being installed between many major US cities at a rapid rate. The system most widely used now operates at 147 megabits (thousand bits) per second and accommodates 6,000 circuits over a single pair of glass fibres (one for each direction of transmission). This system will soon be improved to operate at 1.7 gigabits (thousand million bits) per second and handle 24,000 telephone channels simultaneously.
A revolution in information storage is underway with optical disk technology. The first optical disks appeared in the early 1970-s. They were and are used to record videofilms, but in a continuous spiral rather than digitally.
The first digital optical disks were produced in 1982 as compact disks for music. They were further developed as a storage medium for computers. The disks are made of plastics coated with aluminium. The information is recorded by using a powerful laser to imprint bubbles on the surface of the disk. A less powerful laser reads back the pictures, sound or information. An optical disk is almost indestructible and can store about 1000 times more information than a plastic disk of the same size.
The latest optical disk development is a system which enables computer users to record their own information on a glass or plastic disk coated with a thin film of tellurium. Such a disk can store 200 megabytes (200 million characters).
Besides, it is reported that an optical equivalent of a transistor has been produced and intensive research on optical electronic computers is underway at a number of US corrinies as well as in countries around the world.
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SIGHTSEEING
Those who go abroad either for pleasure or on business are always faced with a dilemma of how to make the best use of their time. It is particularly difficult for a businessman for whom business should come before pleasure as the English saying goes. So before going on a trip you should read up on the country you are going to and think of places of interest to be visited. A lot depends on your taste, of course. You may, for instance, be keen on art galleries and museums or prefer to visit exhibitions and displays.
For their part the receiving party also tries to make their guests' stay pleasant and entertaining. Very often they arrange an interesting cultural programme that will give the visitors an idea of the countries present and past, its history, customs and traditions.
Every third world country has something to be particularly proud of. Ancient temples, monuments, architectural masterpieces and other attractions make a list of sights not to be missed by visitors. In India these will include Agra's Taj Mahal, in Iraq visitors are sure to be taken to Babylon, in Egypt to the famous pyramids.
The economic and social successes of developing countries are very impressive, too. They give a clue to a better understanding of peopled way of thinking and life style and that in turn contributes to the further development of advantageous cooperation.
IN BABYLON
GUIDE: Good morning, gentlemen. I am a guide of the Tourism and Resorts Administration. Welcome to ancient Babylon, once famous for its beauty and wealth.
R. V.: Sorry to interrupt you. What does the name mean?
G.: The original word "Balili" may be translated as "the Gate of Gods". As a centre of culture and government it flourished for about 15 centuries. Babylon's "Hanging Gardens" were called one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
R. V.: Alexander the Great's name is associated with Babylon, isn't it?
G.: It is, actually Babylon used to be the capital of Alexander the Great. It was completely destroyed after his death in 323 .
R. V.: I wonder if there are any plans for restoring the Babylon's ruins?
G.: Fortunately we have plans and drawings of many of Babylon's buildings. Babylon belongs to all people and nations. Well, now let me show you round. Visitors can see such relics as the Procession Street, the Gate, the Southern and the Principal Palaces, the Temple, the Hanging Gardens and the Greek Theatre.
R. V.: I hear there is a local museum here.
G.: That's right. We are going to see it later on. And now this way, gentlemen will you please follow me.
Business trip abroad.
TRAVELLING BY AIR. PASSPORT CONTROL. CUSTOMS.
Text.
Nowadays people who go on business mostly travel by air, as it is the fastest means of traveling.
Here are a few hints on air travel that may be helpful.
Passengers are requested to arrive at the airport two hours before departure time on international flights and an hour on domestic flights as there must be enough time to complete the necessary airport formalities.
Passengers must register their tickets, weigh in and register the luggage. Most airlines have at least two classes of travel, first class and economy class, which is cheaper. Each passenger of more than two years of age has a free luggage allowance. Generally this limit is 20 kg for economy class passengers and 30 kg for first class passengers. Excess luggage must be paid for except for some articles that can be carried free of charge.
Each passenger is given a boarding pass to be shown at the departure gate and again to the stewardess when boarding the plane.
Watch the electric sign flashes when you are on board. When the "Fasten Seat Belts" sign goes on, do it promptly, and also obey the "No Smoking" signal.
Do not forget your personal effects when leaving the plane.
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Landing formalities and customs regulations are more or less the same in all countries. While still on board the plane the passenger is given an arrival card to fill in. After the passenger is disembarked, officials will check his passport and visa. In some countries they will check the passenger's certificate of vaccination.
When thtsfc formalities have been completed the passenger goes to the Customs for an examination of his luggage. As a rule, personal belongings may be brought in duty-free. If the traveller has nothing to declare he may just go through the "green" section of the Customs. In some cases the Customs inspector may ask you to open your bags for inspection. After you are through all Customs formalities the inspector will put a stamp on each piece of luggage or chalk it off.
MEETING AT THE AIRPORT
Foreign representative: Good morning, Mr... Welcome to Lagos.
Russian visitor: Good morning, Mr... It's nice to see you again.
F.r.: Oh, yes, I'll never forget meeting you in Moscow. Did you have a good journey? How are you?
R. v.: I'm quite well, thank you. The trip was very pleasant.
F. r.: Come this way, please.The car is outside the airport building. Is it your first visit here, Mr...?
R. v.: Yes it is. And I like what I see.
F. r.: I am sure Lagos will impress you favourably. You'll have an opportunity to have a look round and I hope you'll enjoy it.
MAKING ARRRANGMENT ABOUT ROOMS
RECEPTIONIST: Good morning. What can I do for you, sir?
RUSSIAN VISITOR: Good morning. My name is Petrov. Ive got a room booked for me in the hotel.
R.: What was your name again, sir?
R. V.: Petrov.
R.: Just a moment. 11 check. All right. One single room with private bath from today for 3 days.
R.V.: That's right.What floor is it on? I think it is not noisy.
R.: It's on the first floor. It is very quiet.
R. V.: Is there a telephone in the room?
R.: Yes, there is a telephone, a TV set, a fridge.
R. V.: Well, how much is it per night?
R.: Let me see, single room with private bath... 70 $ per night.The bill includes breakfast and service.
R. V.: It suits me.
R.: Can you fill this form in? Here is your key. Room service is available day and night and can be arranged tHbugh the reception. Just dial the number.
R.V.: Thank you.
MAKING A CALL TO HOME.
OPERATOR: Operator.
RUSSIAN VISITOR: How do I telephone to Perm? Can I dial the number direct?
OP.: No, there is no direct automatic line. You'll have to book an international call.
R. V.: How soon can they put me through?
OP.: International calls are usually booked in advance. But I try to book a call for you right now.Can you give me your number in Perm?
R. V.: 23-89-67
OP.: And your room number here, please.
R.V.:467
OP.: Thank you.I'll call you back as soon as they put you through.
R. V.: Thank you.
MOTEL TRAVELLING AGENCY
RUSSIAN VISITOR: We are thinking of going to Ibadan. How do we get there?
CLERK: You can go there by air or by train.
R. V.: By train then.1 hate flying.
C.: Well, sir, our railways are not good enough. I recommend to go by air. It is faster and more comfortable.
R. V. Can you book us on the evening flight to Ibadan? I hope there are direct lines.
C: All lines are direct.But you can hire a car at our hotel.It is very cheap.
R. V.: And safer than plane.
C: The car hire bureau is over there. Remember, you'll have to pay in cash, they don't put it in the hotel bill.
R. V.: Thank you.
| Chapter L (Introductory) MEANS OF COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS People engaged in trade with foreign countries have to use various means of communication: (1) telephone conversations, (2) personal contacts (meetings, business talks), (3) letters, (4) telexes, (5) telegrams (cables), (6) telecopies (facsimiles). | I. () , , : (1) , (2) (, , (3) , (4) , (5) , (6) (). |
| 1 TELEPHONE CONVERSATIONS Telephone is the quickest way of communication and is most frequently used under pressure of time, also Within the country, say, between the Trade Delegation and various companies (trading, shipping and others). It is used, as a rule, to get or pass on information, but, for example, in shipping business chartering negotiations are very often carried out over the phone. Important telephone conversations, e.g. concerning prices, terms of payment or claims, are to be confirmed by letter with the appropriate signatures to provide legal evidence of the deal (the agreement) achieved. | 1.0 έ , , , , (, .) , , , , . , ., , , (). |
| To save time in the opening and closing of telephone conversations set phrases are quite common and are given in this book under the title: "Useful Phrases and Sentences." | , ". |
| a) With the switchJboard operator,..,..-"Hello, what number, please? "It's 63 86 591." "I'm sorry? Could you give me that "I want 638 65 91". "Thank you. Hold on, please. (I'm) putting you through..." Oh, are you there? "Yes." "Still trying to put you through... I'm sorry, there's no reply." "Thank you. Goodbye." | ) , - , , . -63 86 591. - , . - 638 65 91. - . . .. - , ? - . ... (), . - , . |
| "Hello? Number, please? (Extension, please?)" ' '■■■'''■ ''■-* "1375".-...-■■■ "Hold the line, please... You're thro-ugh now. Go ahead please." "Thank you." | - , . (- ). -1375. He ... . . -. |
| Useful phrases and sentences: ' 'What is the number, please? Fra sorry, what was the number you wanted? '■■'■ ■ One moment (=Just a minute) please! "Brown & Co"Cari I help you? Could I speak to Mr Brown, please? | : - ? - , , , no- ? - . - ". ? ■ - He - ? |
| b) With the secretary ' ■ "Hello, Mr Brown's office. What I do for you?", "Can I speak to Mr Brown, please?" "Who's (that) calling?" "It's Mr Pheonov here." "What was that again? Could you spell out your name?" "PH-E-O-N-O-V." "Mr Pheonov?" | ) - , - . ? - - ? - ? - - . - ? ? ---0--- -- ? |
| "That's right." "Putting you through. Go ahead, please. "Mr Brown's office. Can I help you?" "I'd like to speak to Mr Gregory." "Sony. Wrong number. I don't know anyone by that name here." "I'm very sorry." "Mr Brown's secretary. What can I do fbryou? "Could I speak to Mr Brown, please?" "I'm afraid Mr Brown is on the other line at the moment. Would you like to holdon?" "Yes, 11 hold on." "Hello, putting you through, now." "Mr Brown? Hello, hello... I can't hear. anything. It's a very poor line. "Are you speaking?" "No, I couldn't hear a word. Could you give me a better line?" "b that better?" Yes, thank you. Good morning, Mr Brown. This is Mr Popov." "Brown& " Who's calling?" "This is Mr Petrov from the Trade Delegation. Could you put me through to Mr Brown, please?" "I'm afraid Mr Brown is not in the office at the moment." "Whendo you thinkhe will be back?" "Not until Monday morning, I'm afra id. Can I give him a message?" "No, thank you. I'll phone him then again. Goodbye." | - . - . , - - . ? - - . - . . . - , . - . ? - He , - ? , - .| ^ ?. ,-, . - , . - - ? ...... . (- ) - ? - , . - ? - , . , - . - . - ' ()? - - - . , - , - . - () - - . , -, ? - He , . ? , . . . |
| Useful phrases and sentences | |
| Can I tell him who's calling? Can I have a word with her? Who's this, please? Who's speaking? Mr Brown speaking. Is that Mr Brown? Speaking. Trying to connect you. You've got the wrong number. Sorry, you must have the wrong number. It's the wrong number. Sorry to have bothered (troubled) you. The line is engaged. Can you hold on? I'll see if he is in. Fm afraid he's out at the moment. I'm afraid he is not available (isn't in). I don't expecthim in until Tuesday afternoon; Canl take a message? = Will you leave a message? - Could you take a message? = Could I leave a message? Is there any message? Could you speak up, please? I can hardly hear you. Can you give me a better line, please? We had a very bad connection. sorry, we were cut off. I'm sorry, we have been disconnected. I can't get through. Sorry, I must have got the wrong extension. Could you transfer me back to switchboard, please? | - , ()? - ? - ? (= ?) - ? - - . - - ? - . - . - . - . , , . - . - () .. - . ? - , . - , . - . - . - -? - - ? - - ? - ? . - ( ), ? . - , . - , . - . , , , . kon - ? |
| cancel it) "Is Mr Blake in, please?" "Yes. Who's calling?" "This is Mr Popov. Good morning." "Oh, good morning, Mr. Popov. Go ahead, please." | - ? . ()? - . ! , , - . . |
| "MCOMPUTER SCIENCE 7. Computer science is a part of an applied mathematics. Specialists in computer science say that this field of knowledge is very interesting because it deals with computer-aided-design (CAD) and computer-aided-manufacturing (CAM). 8. Computers are intended to improve the productivity of labour of scientists, designers, engineers, managers, and other specialists, because computers offer quick and optimal solutions. One of the main goals of using CAD/CAM is to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing. 9. Moreover, computers came in our life and to our houses and now we can solve our everyday problems with their help. 10. Computers can be divided into simple and complex devices. Simple computers such as calculators can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. As far as complex computers are concerned they can do different logical operations and some of them even have artificial intelligence. 11. Thus in order to elaborate up-to-date and inexpensive programs as well as to defend them from viruses, it is important to know some programming languages. 12. There are low-level programming languages such as a machine language and an assembly language and high-level programming languages, for instance, FORTRAN, PASCAL, ADA, C, BASIC, etc. RELAY COMPUTERS r Blake?" "Speaking. Good morning, Mr Popov." "Good morning. Could we meet tomorrow morning?" "Just a minute, (speaks to his secretary) Is there any engagement for 11 o'clock tomorrow morning? Good. What about 11 o'clock, Mr Popov?" "It's all right with me." ' "See you at 11 then. Goodbye." "I'm looking forward to meeting you. Goodbye." | - - ? - . , - . - ! ? - , ( ) 11 ? . 11 , - ? - , . - 11 . ! . ! |
| "Hello, can I speak to Mr Bobrov, please?" "Mr Bobrov speaking. Good afternoon." "Good afternoon. I'm Mr Hammond's secretary. I'm phoning you to confirm your appointment for Thursday morning 10 o'clock." "Thank you. Ill be there. My best regards to him. Goodbye." "Goodbye." | , - ? . ! ! - . , 10 . . . - . ! ! |
| "Is that Mr Ward's office? "Yes." "My name's Sidorov. I have an appointment with Mr Ward for tomorrow afternoon, but something urgent has turned up and I have to leave | - ? -. . - , - , |
| London for a couple of days. Could you put it off till Thursday afternoon same time?" "All right, I'll find out and confirm it today. Goodbye." "Goodbye." J "Hello, is that Mr Hammond's secretary?" "Yes, speaking." "Mr Orlov's secretary calling. I understand they have an appoinment for this afternoon. Unfortunately Mr Or-lov can't keep it. He had to leave London late last night and won't be back until Tuesday or Wednesday next week. He makes his apologies to Mr Hammond." "I'll pass it on to him. Shall I make another appointment?" V 'No, thank you. Well leave it at that until he's back." "OK. Goodbye." "Goodbye." ; Useful phrases and sentences to make an appointment for... with smb to confirm one's meeting (appointment) 11 o'clock at our office as arranged? (as we agreed?). I look forward to seeing you. ^ I'm afraid I can't manage Monday morning. I'm sorry but I have to go away and won't be able to manage Friday afternoon. Could I suggest Thursday instead? What about Thursday morning? Perhaps we could meet on Monday instead? Yes, I'm sure that'll be fine. WeD, I think that will be all right. | . ? - , , . ! - ! - , - ? - , . - - . -, . , - . . - . - . ? - , . . - . ! - !..; ... -. 11 , ? . , . , . ? , ? , ? , ( ). , , . |
| Yes, that's all right with me. 1 think that will be OK. Ill be expecting you on Monday 10 o'clock. Could you come over to my office at 2 o'clock this afternoon? d) To place an order* / "Hello, could you put me through to Mr Phillips, please?" "You're through. Go ahead please." "Good morning, Mr Phillips." "Is that Mr Pavlov? Good morning." "We'd like to place another order with your company for spare parts for the equipment supplied by'you in the 1st quarter last year."" ' "Good. When do you require them?" "Could you make delivery, "say, in No vember this year?" ;: ■ "I think that's possible." "I understand the spares will be delivered at the same prices as previously?" "that'll depend on the quantity ordered." "There's no problem. We need a large quantity." ■ ■ ■, "All right then." "We'll be sending you a letter con firming this deal and enclosing 2 co pies of a formal order with all the data for signature. ■ "Thank you. Well take steps right away to be able to carry out your order in the time required. Goodbye." "Goodbye." e) To get or pass on information | , . , (). 10 . 2 ? ) * - , ', - ? - . , . - , - . - - ? ! - ' , 1- . ': - . ? , ' ' , ? " ' -i (, ), . - , , ? - ............... . - ■ ..: - . ' 2 , . . , . ! ! ) |
| "Hello, can I speak to Mr Rogers, please?" "Yes, go ahead, please." "This is Mr Rogov. Good morning, Mr Rogers." "Good morning. Is anything the matter?" "No, I just want you to tell me about the progress of our order." "Well, we may ship the first lot of the goods ahead of schedule. Is that all right with you?" "Yes, fine." "As to the second lot, I'm afraid you can get it a bit behind schedule." "How many days? " "Oh, just a couple." "I think we can manage if it's only a day or two. But it shouldn't be more than that." "I give you my word. And I hope we'll manage to deliver the last lot on time (on schedule)." "Very good then. Goodbye." "Goodbye." | - , - ? - , , . - - . , - . - ! - ? - , , , . -, . ? - , . - , , . ? - . - , , -. . - , , , ( ) - . ! ! |
| f) About the arrival of inspectors "Mr Green speaking. Good morning, Mr Popov." "Good morning. I'd like to confirm that our inspectors will arrive in London tomorrow. So you can expect them at the factory Monday morning." "Fine. We'll get everything ready. Anything else?" "No, goodbye." "Goodbye." | e) - - . , - . - ! - , . . - . . -? - , ! ! |
| g) About delay in shipment "Good afternoon Mr Pavlov. | ) , - . |
| "Good afternoon, Mr Smith. What can I do for you?" "I'm. afraid we have bad news for you. Unfortunately shipment of the 1st machine will be delayed." "Oh, what's the matter?" "We have a serious breakdown at the factory, which cannot be put right until the end of the month," "That's very bad. You know the contract stipulates for the Sellers to pay penalty in case of delay in delivery?" "We know that, but we can't do anything in the circumstances and we apologize for the inconvenience caused. Goodbye now." "Goodbye. I hope to hear from you soon." | , - . ? , . , . ? ? (), . . , , . , , . ! ! , . |
| h) About force majeure "Is that Mr Ivanov?" "Speaking. Good afternoon, Mr Green." "Good afternoon. You probably know that the dockers of Hull are on strike, but all the equipment you ordered was delivered to Hull for loading on board your vessel last week. What are we supposed to do now?" "That's too bad. And our vessel is at the port by now." "I know that, too." "WtU, I think we'll have to wait and see. Meanwhile I'll try to find out chances at my end and you do it at yours. Then contact me again. Goodbye for now." "Goodbye." | ) - - ? . , - . . , , . ? . . . ' , , . , . . ! ! |
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Business owners often have beliefs that are not logical and can rain their business. Here are some of these beliefs and some advice how to dispel them.
* "Nobody knows our business better than we do."
This is the classic defence for people who used to know a lot but who have distanced themselves from their markets and from the latest developments in production, marketing and management. The remedy is to get back to some of the principles that guided the business in its early years - less arrogace and more humility.
*"The company would not survive without me."
This is often said with pride; but is really an indictment of the owner's management style. By retaining centralised control over the business, there is no prospect of other people trying to do something to solve problems.
*"We are not affected by competition."
This statement shows a poor understanding of the way customers make their choice and also ignores the prospect of action being taken by competitors.
In a growing market, competition will affect mainly your ability to increase sales volume. In a declining market, you will struggle to achieve the same volume and price levels.
♦"Cutting costs will ensure survival."
The notion that, by cutting costs, the business will get back to profitability may lead to an increase of certain costs (such as marketing expenses, etc.). It would be better to take action over markets, products and pricing rather than cutting costs.
♦"Borrowing money is risky."
Small businesses do not usually have much in reserve for a rainy day. As profits decline and customers take longer to pay, your capital will become eroded and must be replenished. A medium term loan with scheduled repayments is a more secure way of financing the business than depending on the overdraft and extended credit from suppliers.
♦"Quality matters, not price."
Normally it is undesirable to sell on price. In a stagnant or declining market, flexible pricing can be effective, if used correctly. This does not necessarily lead to lower margins if better buying prices can be arranged for.
♦"We have all the information we need."
All the information in the world will not help you escape the ravages of recession if you have not taken necessary steps in time. Refinancing the business may be the only available option at this stage
Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks. Check it with text 3.
l.By___ centralised control_ the business, there is no_ of other
people trying to do something to problems.
2."We are not__ by competition."
3.(It) also__ the prospect of action being taken by.
4.1n a growing market, competition will affect your ability to increase
5... you will struggle to achieve the same volume and levels.
6The notion that by cutting costs, the business will get back to may
lead to an_ of certain costs.
7."__________ money is risky." 8.As profits and customers to pay, you capital will become
eroded.
9. A______ loan with sheduled repayments is a more_______ way of financing the
business.
lO.Normally it is_____ to sell one price.
11...... in a stagnant or declining market, _____ can be effective, if used
correctly.
12. This does not______ lead to lower______.
13.All the information in the world will not help you__ the ravages of
recession if you have not taken necessary_______ in time.
Exercise 2
Read text 3 again and find the English equivalents of the following Russian phrases.
I.Bot, , , . 2.... , , . 3.... , , //.5.... , - - . . , , - . 7. , // . 8. - , , . 9. , . 10. , //, . 11. " ." 12. . 13. , . 14. , . 15. , ...
Exercise 3 Answer the following questions.
l.How many false beliefs are analysed in the article? 2.What is the first mistake and what is the remedy for it? 3.Why is it a mistake to believe that only centralized control can save one's business? 4.1s it clever to forget about competition? Why? 5.How does a growing or declining market affect sales volume? 6.Does cutting costs always ensure the survival of a business? 7.What would it be sometimes better to do instead of cutting costs? 8.How can borrowing money buoy up small business? 9.What may be a more secure way than extended credit from suppliers? 10. What kind of pricing can be effective in recession? 1 l.How can lower margins be avoided? li.How is the importance of refinancing described in the article? 13.Which of the recommendations seem most helpful to you?
Exercise 4
Translate the following sentences from English into Russian. Check your translation with the key.
1.Frank's competitors were sure he would take some action over production and pricing. 2.He did not believe borrowing money was risky. . knew companies had straggled to achieve the same volume of sale and price levels. 4.He decided that a medium-term loan was a secure way of refinancing his business. 5.He knew he had an ovedraft in the bank: the clerk had shown him his account. 6.He thought he had all the information he needed. 7.Smith did not worry: he had arranged for a better buying price. 8.Max hoped that a long-term loan would help him to buoy up his business in recession.
