| Driving a car is a profession | ||
| His hobby is driving | He is driving to Kiev now | |
| He writes articles about driving | ||
| His plan of driving to Kiev is not good | The man driving a car is our chief engineer | |
| Before driving a car one must learn to do it properly | Driving a car one must be very attentive |
: if , unless , provided (that), providing (that) , ; , .
:
1. () , , , . :
| If I come earlier, I'll have time to read. | , . |
| If I come late, I have no time to read. | , . |
| If I came late, I had no time to read. | , . |
2. () , . , , . . were to be , , Past Indefinite, . should + Infinitive to 1- would + Indefinite Infinitive . would + Indefinite Infinitive 1- , should. , should, would d:
| If I were free (today, tomorrow) I should go to the cinema. | , (, ). |
| If they had a car they would go to the country. | , . |
3. () , . , Past Perfect, should/would + Perfect Infinitive to:
| If I had been here yesterday I should have helped you. | , . |
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|
|
, , , , : . , .
:
| If we are free (today, tomorrow) we shall go to the cinema. | , (, ). |
| If we were free (today, tomorrow) we should go to the cinema. | , (, ). |
| If we had been free (yesterday) we should have gone to the cinema. | , (). |
provided, if . were, had, should :
| Were I you, I should not do it. | , . |
| Had he been here, he would have helped you. | , . |
| Should the temperature drop, the metal would set. | , . |
, to, .
| Tense | Active | Passive |
| Indefinite Continuous Perfect | to help to be helping to have helped | to be helped to have been helped |
1. The Indefinite Infinitive Active Passive , , - , , :
I am glad to help him. .
I was glad to help him. .
I'll be glad to help him. .
I am glad to be helped. , .
2. The Continuous Infinitive Active , , - :
I am glad to be helping him. , .
It was pleasant to be helping him again. .
3. The Perfect Infinitive Active Passive , , - :
I am glad to have helped him. , .
I am glad to have been helped. , .
:
1) :
| translate such an article without a dictionary is difficult. | () . |
| work with computer was new to many of us. | () . |
. , .
2) :
| translate such an article without a dictionary you must know English well. | , . |
| One must work hard to master foreign language. | , . |
| increase the speed the designers have to improve the aircraft shape and engine efficiency. | , () . |
| Once a week a student of Cambridge is to go to his tutor to discuss his work. | , . |
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|
|
; , . in order to, so as , .
3) ( ):
| Our aim is to translate technical articles without a dictionary. | () . |
| can translate this article without a dictionary. | . |
| will translate the article next week. | () . |
to be, , .
4) :
| doesn't like to translate technical articles. | . |
| The article was not difficult to translate, | . |
| I am glad to have spoken to our lecturer about my work. | (), () |
.
5) :
was the first to translate this article. .
the first, the second, the last . . .
, , . :
| gave me some articles to translate. | , ( ). |
| Here is the article to be translated. | , . |
| Here is the article to translate. | . |
| Gagarin was the first to orbit the Earth. | . |
| The device to be tested has been made in our lab. | , () , . |
